diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 1c226bb2..81b259b4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache/restore@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
         with:
           path: data/
-          key: "${{ runner.os }}-data-${{ hashFiles('tests/conftest.py') }}"
+          key: "${{ runner.os }}-data-${{ hashFiles('src/ngio/utils/_datasets.py') }}"
           restore-keys: |
-            "${{ runner.os }}-data-"
+            ${{ runner.os }}-data-
 
       - name: Restore/save shared data cache (trusted)
         if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
@@ -102,12 +102,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
         with:
           path: data/
-          key: "${{ runner.os }}-data-${{ hashFiles('tests/conftest.py') }}"
+          key: "${{ runner.os }}-data-${{ hashFiles('src/ngio/utils/_datasets.py') }}"
           restore-keys: |
-            "${{ runner.os }}-data-"
+            ${{ runner.os }}-data-
 
       - name: 🧪 Run Tests
-        run: pixi run -e ${{ matrix.environment }} pytest ${{ matrix.platform != 'ubuntu-latest' && '--no-cov' || '' }}
+        run: pixi run -e ${{ matrix.environment }} pytest -n 4 --durations=10 ${{ matrix.platform == 'ubuntu-latest' && matrix.environment == 'test11' && '--cov=ngio --cov-report=xml' || '' }}
 
       # If something goes wrong with scheduled tests, open an issue in the repo
       - name: 📝 Report Failures
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ jobs:
           update_existing: true
 
       - name: Coverage
-        if: success() && matrix.platform == 'ubuntu-latest'
+        if: success() && matrix.platform == 'ubuntu-latest' && matrix.environment == 'test11'
         uses: codecov/codecov-action@fb8b3582c8e4def4969c97caa2f19720cb33a72f # v7.0.0
         with:
           token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci_upstream.yml b/.github/workflows/ci_upstream.yml
index 85a9eddc..4c8cc73e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci_upstream.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci_upstream.yml
@@ -56,12 +56,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
         with:
           path: data/
-          key: "${{ runner.os }}-data-${{ hashFiles('tests/conftest.py') }}"
+          key: "${{ runner.os }}-data-${{ hashFiles('src/ngio/utils/_datasets.py') }}"
           restore-keys: |
-            "${{ runner.os }}-data-"
+            ${{ runner.os }}-data-
 
       - name: 🧪 Run Tests
-        run: pytest --no-cov
+        run: pytest -n 4 --durations=10
 
       - name: 📝 Report Failures
         if: failure() && github.event_name == 'schedule'
@@ -109,12 +109,12 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9 # v6.1.0
         with:
           path: data/
-          key: "${{ runner.os }}-data-${{ hashFiles('tests/conftest.py') }}"
+          key: "${{ runner.os }}-data-${{ hashFiles('src/ngio/utils/_datasets.py') }}"
           restore-keys: |
-            "${{ runner.os }}-data-"
+            ${{ runner.os }}-data-
 
       - name: 🧪 Run Tests
-        run: pytest --no-cov
+        run: pytest -n 4 --durations=10
 
       - name: 📝 Report Failures
         if: failure()
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 8fd29f4e..5f2f2ecf 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,39 @@
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 
+### Fix
+- Fix the deprecated `yx_scaling_factor` shim assembling scaling factors in `(z, x, y)` order instead of the canonical `(z, y, x)`: an asymmetric tuple like `yx_scaling_factor=(2, 4)` silently produced swapped per-level y/x scales. The shim also now trims leading factors for shapes with fewer than 3 axes (a 2D image previously raised a length-mismatch error).
+- Fix `concatenate_image_tables` (and variants) index construction: the concatenated table's index name was never set due to an inverted `None` check, and `mode="lazy"` built the index from the extras columns only — producing duplicated index values — while `mode="eager"` also hashed the original table index. Both modes now produce the same unique per-row index. The async variant also forwards `mode` to the per-image prefetch, so lazy prefetching no longer eagerly loads dataframes.
+- Fix `Roi.union`/`Roi.intersection` dropping ROI name `""` and label `0` (the joins used truthiness instead of `None` checks; label `0` is a legal label). The joined ROI's slices now also keep a deterministic axis order (the receiver's axes first, then axes only present in the other ROI) instead of an arbitrary set order.
+- `Roi.from_values` now validates its inputs (it used `model_construct`, which skips pydantic validation entirely), so invalid values such as a negative `label` or fewer than 2 axes raise instead of being silently accepted.
+- Fix `PixelSize.__eq__` raising `TypeError` when compared with a non-`PixelSize` object (it now returns `NotImplemented`, so `ps == "x"` is `False` and `ps in [...]` works) and make the `time_unit` comparison symmetric: previously `a == b` and `b == a` could disagree when only one side had a `time_unit`. **Behavior change**: pixel sizes with different `time_unit`s now always compare unequal.
+- Fix `NgioWellMeta.add_image`/`remove_image` and `NgioPlateMeta.add_well`/`add_acquisition`/`remove_well` mutating the receiver in place: the "updated copy" they returned shared its lists with the original object, so the original was silently modified too. All five now leave the receiver untouched.
+- Fix `AxesSetup.from_ordered_list` silently dropping a non-canonical axis name when a canonical name appeared to its left (e.g. `["z", "custom", "y", "x"]`): the canonical name reclaimed the slot already assigned to the custom axis. Canonical names now always claim their own slot and non-canonical names fill the remaining slots right-aligned.
+- Fix `ngio.experimental.iterators` grid helpers: `grid()` gave every generated ROI the same name (they now get unique per-tile names, e.g. `t0_z0_y32_x64`, prefixed with `base_name` when given), and `by_chunks` with an overlap equal to or larger than the chunk size now raises a clear `NgioValueError` instead of crashing with `range() arg 3 must not be zero`.
+- The global config singleton is now loaded lazily on first `get_config()` call instead of at import time, so setting `NGIO_CONFIG_PATH` after importing ngio (but before first use) is honored.
+- Fix the v0.5 metadata decoder passing a non-string axis `unit` through unchanged: the stringification computed for non-string JSON values was discarded (`unit=v05_axis.unit` instead of the normalized value).
+- Fix accessing labels on a read-only image without a `labels` group: `labels_container` (and everything routed through it) raised `NgioValueError: Cannot create a group in read only mode` instead of degrading gracefully like the tables path (`list_labels()` → `[]`, `labels_container` → `NgioValidationError`).
+- Fix an empty ROI table with no backend being unusable: `RoiTable().rois()` / `.add(roi)` raised `NgioValueError` instead of treating the table as empty (the `set_table_data` path already handled this case).
+- Fix duplicate ROI names not surviving a write/read roundtrip: the dedup in `RoiDictWrapper` renamed only the internal dict key, so the serialized table still contained duplicate index values. The renamed ROI now carries the deduplicated name.
+- Fix `OmeZarrPlate.get_well` never returning the instance it cached (it stored one `OmeZarrWell` and returned a second, freshly built one; repeated calls now return the cached instance, matching `get_image`).
+- A negative index inside a slicing sequence (e.g. `get_array(y=[-1, 0])`) now raises `NgioValueError` instead of a bare `AssertionError` (which would also vanish under `python -O`).
+
+### Tests
+- Enable `test_derive_from_legacy_images` (`tests/unit/images/test_create.py`), which was never collected due to a missing `test_` prefix; it now runs for both NGFF versions with the level pairing and channel-axis handling corrected. Rename the misnamed `test_fail_derive_singleton` to `test_pyramid_clamps_singleton_dimensions`.
+- Deduplicate the 18-item test-image parametrization (six verbatim copies) into a shared `zarr_name` fixture in `tests/conftest.py`.
+- Register a `network` pytest marker and apply it to the two tests hitting raw.githubusercontent.com, so `-m "not network"` runs offline. The Zenodo dataset downloads moved from conftest import time into session fixtures — test collection no longer blocks on the network.
+- Remove `--cov` from the default pytest `addopts` (local runs no longer pay ~40% coverage overhead); CI passes `--cov=ngio --cov-report=xml` explicitly on the codecov leg and `ci_upstream.yml` drops the now-unneeded `--no-cov`.
+- Merge the four per-backend round-trip tests in `test_backends.py` into one parametrized test; drop the redundant middle-layer copy of the #207 backend-preservation test (still covered at the `write_table` and container layers).
+- Anchor test-data paths to `__file__` instead of the current working directory (`tests/conftest.py`, `tests/create_test_data.py`, `test_unit_v04_utils.py`), so pytest can run from any directory. Reduce `test_multiprocessing_safety` from 1000 to 100 tasks and delete an unreferenced meta JSON fixture.
+- Raise overall coverage from 91% to 95%: new unit tests for the v0.5 metadata codec (`test_unit_v05_utils.py`, mirroring the v0.4 file), container/image error paths and deprecated shims, ROI-table and plate edge cases, `NgioCache`, the `FeatureExtractorIterator` dask path, and io_pipes error branches. `hcs/_plate.py`, `images/_image.py`, `utils/_cache.py`, `experimental/iterators/_feature.py`, `io_pipes/_match_shape.py`, `_zoom_transform.py`, and `_ops_slices.py` are now at 100%.
+- Speed up fixtures: the `moto_s3_server` fixture is now session-scoped (tests isolate via `random_zarr_path()`, and starting the server cost ~4s per S3 test); read-only consumers of `images_all_versions` and the Zenodo cardiomyocyte datasets now share session-scoped copies (`images_all_versions_readonly`, `cardiomyocyte_tiny_path_readonly`, `cardiomyocyte_small_mip_path_readonly`) instead of re-copying up to 126 MB per test, while mutating tests keep fresh per-test copies; `test_real_mask` copies only the single image it writes to; `test_table_ops.py` builds its two sample containers once per module.
+
+### Chores
+- Speed up CI: run the test suite with `pytest-xdist` (`-n 4`, new `test` extra dependency); collect coverage and upload to codecov on the ubuntu/`test11` leg only (one report per run, unchanged content); add `--durations=10` to CI runs for runtime observability. The Zenodo download in `tests/conftest.py` is now guarded by a `FileLock` (xdist workers on a cold cache) and no longer re-extracts an already-unzipped dataset (`re_unzip=False`).
+- Shrink the store-matrix test payload (`tests/stores/utils.py`) from a `(3, 5, 64, 64)`/3-level image to `(3, 2, 32, 32)`/2 levels — same monitored behaviors (multi-channel z-stack pyramid, label, all four table backends, derive across the 4×4 store matrix), far fewer object round-trips through the mocked S3/HTTP stores (~75s → considerably less on CI).
+- Slim the iterator tests: the two mutating tests (`test_segmentation_iterator`, `test_masked_segmentation_iterator`) now copy only the single image they write to (new `single_image_copy` fixture, replacing per-test copies of all 18 test images; the unused `images_all_versions` fixture is removed) and run the full 9-axes matrix on v0.5 plus a v0.4 smoke subset (`yx`, `tczyx`) instead of both versions × 9 — the iterators are version-agnostic and the v0.4 write path stays monitored by the creation/store tests. The two read-only iterator tests keep the full 18-image matrix.
+- Fix the CI data-cache `restore-keys` fallback never matching: the fallback key was written inside a YAML block scalar with double quotes (`"Linux-data-"`), which are literal there, so a cache-key rotation caused every PR job to re-download the ~160 MB Zenodo datasets during the test step (~80s/job). The cache key now also hashes `src/ngio/utils/_datasets.py` (the dataset registry) instead of `tests/conftest.py`, so test-suite refactors no longer rotate the key (`ci.yml`, `ci_upstream.yml`).
+
 ### Feature
 - Add a configurable IO retry policy: `NgioConfig.io_retry` (`RetryConfig`) with `max_retries` (default `0`, never retry), a backoff strategy (`ConstantBackoff`, `LinearBackoff`, or `ExponentialBackoff`, each with `delay_s`, `max_delay_s`, `jitter`), and error matching via `retry_on` substrings (matched against `"ExceptionName: message"`) or the discouraged blanket `retry_all_errors` flag, which emits an `NgioUserWarning` and is mutually exclusive with `retry_on`. Ngio's own `NgioError`s are never retried. Retry helpers live in `ngio.utils._retry`; the public `ngio.utils.retry_io` decorator reads the global config at call time.
 - Add `ngio.utils.NgioStore`, a picklable zarr `WrapperStore` that applies the `io_retry` policy to every store IO call (the policy snapshot travels with the store into dask task graphs) and centralizes store-type dispatch behind uniform services (`store_type`, `full_url`, `sync_fs_and_path`, `get_mapper`, `local_root`, `memory_dict`, `list_dir_collected`, `NgioStore.from_any`/`ensure`). Every group ngio opens (`open_group_wrapper` / `ZarrGroupHandler`) is now backed by an `NgioStore`, so the `io_retry` policy applies to all zarr IO — metadata, pixel data, and lazy dask reads/writes executed on workers (the policy snapshot pickles with the store into the task graph). User-provided `zarr.Group`s are transparently reopened on a wrapped store; `ZipStore` is now an explicitly supported store type (it previously warned).
diff --git a/pixi.lock b/pixi.lock
index 83865dac..a91041a7 100644
--- a/pixi.lock
+++ b/pixi.lock
@@ -1,8 +1,20 @@
 version: 7
 platforms:
 - name: linux-64
+  virtual-packages:
+  - __unix=0=0
+  - __linux=4.18
+  - __glibc=2.28
+  - __archspec=0=x86_64
 - name: osx-arm64
+  virtual-packages:
+  - __unix=0=0
+  - __osx=13.0
+  - __archspec=0=m1
 - name: win-64
+  virtual-packages:
+  - __win=10.0
+  - __archspec=0=x86_64
 environments:
   default:
     channels:
@@ -32,7 +44,7 @@ environments:
       - conda: https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/noarch/ca-certificates-2026.6.17-hbd8a1cb_0.conda
       - conda: https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/noarch/python_abi-3.14-8_cp314.conda
       - conda: https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/noarch/tzdata-2025c-hc9c84f9_1.conda
-      - pypi: .
+      - pypi: ./
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/02/17/b82b537a30be67ba178fc0b0fbda8fcbaeda188fb039d6ad8a84e89353a2/dask-2026.6.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/02/be/5d2d47b1fb58943194fb59dcf222f7c4e35122ec0ffe8c36e18b5d728f0b/tblib-3.2.2-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/0c/d5/c5db1ea3394c6e1732fb3286b3bd878b59507a8f77d32a2cebda7d7b7cd4/donfig-0.8.1.post1-py3-none-any.whl
@@ -113,7 +125,7 @@ environments:
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       - conda: https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/osx-arm64/tk-8.6.13-h010d191_3.conda
       - conda: https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/osx-arm64/zstd-1.5.7-hbf9d68e_6.conda
-      - pypi: .
+      - pypi: ./
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/02/17/b82b537a30be67ba178fc0b0fbda8fcbaeda188fb039d6ad8a84e89353a2/dask-2026.6.0-py3-none-any.whl
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@@ -196,7 +208,7 @@ environments:
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       - conda: https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/win-64/vcomp14-14.51.36231-h1b9f54f_39.conda
       - conda: https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/win-64/zstd-1.5.7-h534d264_6.conda
-      - pypi: .
+      - pypi: ./
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/02/17/b82b537a30be67ba178fc0b0fbda8fcbaeda188fb039d6ad8a84e89353a2/dask-2026.6.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/02/be/5d2d47b1fb58943194fb59dcf222f7c4e35122ec0ffe8c36e18b5d728f0b/tblib-3.2.2-py3-none-any.whl
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@@ -290,7 +302,7 @@ environments:
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       - conda: https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/noarch/tzdata-2025c-hc9c84f9_1.conda
-      - pypi: .
+      - pypi: ./
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/00/15/b92b4e1d88d02c6eff9733c9eea21846ab435cc4d813d84ccc5d335955df/graphql_core-3.2.11-py3-none-any.whl
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       - conda: https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/osx-arm64/tk-8.6.13-h010d191_3.conda
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+      - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ab/84/02fc1827e8cdded4aa65baef11296a9bbe595c474f0d6d758af082d849fd/execnet-2.1.2-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b3/a0/3e6a0b1c1ea6bec76f71473727ef27abf3cd40e9709b3ebcbfbcfaae6f79/boto3-1.43.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b4/62/674ba5ada6de5615b458d768c0f0fb1a7b53299486fb38a36e0694f3c617/distributed-2026.6.0-py3-none-any.whl
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@@ -3540,6 +3583,7 @@ environments:
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       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c7/05/04af0ca9c5747c95591a549509ebbb0a986155015de59f1e4c984e3af9ab/pydantic_zarr-0.10.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c9/33/a7cbfccc39056a5cf8126b7aab4c8bafbedd4f0ca68ae40ecb627a2d2cd3/py_partiql_parser-0.6.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl
+      - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ca/31/d4e37e9e550c2b92a9cbc2e4d0b7420a27224968580b5a447f420847c975/pytest_xdist-3.8.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/cb/b1/3846dd7f199d53cb17f49cba7e651e9ce294d8497c8c150530ed11865bb8/iniconfig-2.3.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/cd/d7/324b9bdd6fa89fefb4765494dd20d76c06d0f4f0aa8e46233e122c9f9f21/scverse_misc-0.1.1-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ce/e4/dccd7f47c4b64213ac01ef921a1337ee6e30e8c6466046018326977efd95/tzdata-2026.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
@@ -3580,7 +3624,7 @@ environments:
       - conda: https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/osx-arm64/readline-8.3-h46df422_0.conda
       - conda: https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/osx-arm64/tk-8.6.13-h010d191_3.conda
       - conda: https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/osx-arm64/zstd-1.5.7-hbf9d68e_6.conda
-      - pypi: .
+      - pypi: ./
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/00/15/b92b4e1d88d02c6eff9733c9eea21846ab435cc4d813d84ccc5d335955df/graphql_core-3.2.11-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/02/17/b82b537a30be67ba178fc0b0fbda8fcbaeda188fb039d6ad8a84e89353a2/dask-2026.6.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/02/be/5d2d47b1fb58943194fb59dcf222f7c4e35122ec0ffe8c36e18b5d728f0b/tblib-3.2.2-py3-none-any.whl
@@ -3668,6 +3712,7 @@ environments:
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       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a5/0b/f68a968b49876eae0f2a515387093cebb2eb9451380a96741cc20efac0d0/s3fs-2026.6.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a7/4b/25a9e8a09083d03ee7ee8701428e514c08029c000f34707cc7665980f4ae/cfn_lint-1.52.1-py3-none-any.whl
+      - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ab/84/02fc1827e8cdded4aa65baef11296a9bbe595c474f0d6d758af082d849fd/execnet-2.1.2-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ad/1f/8970b150a4b4365623ae00fc88603491f763c627311ae8031e3111356d6e/pydantic_core-2.46.4-cp314-cp314-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ad/80/d022a34ff05d2cbedd8ccf841fc1f532ecfa9eb5ed1711b56d0e0ea71fc9/pyarrow-24.0.0-cp314-cp314-macosx_12_0_arm64.whl
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@@ -3683,6 +3728,7 @@ environments:
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       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c7/05/04af0ca9c5747c95591a549509ebbb0a986155015de59f1e4c984e3af9ab/pydantic_zarr-0.10.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c9/33/a7cbfccc39056a5cf8126b7aab4c8bafbedd4f0ca68ae40ecb627a2d2cd3/py_partiql_parser-0.6.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl
+      - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ca/31/d4e37e9e550c2b92a9cbc2e4d0b7420a27224968580b5a447f420847c975/pytest_xdist-3.8.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/cb/b1/3846dd7f199d53cb17f49cba7e651e9ce294d8497c8c150530ed11865bb8/iniconfig-2.3.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/cd/d7/324b9bdd6fa89fefb4765494dd20d76c06d0f4f0aa8e46233e122c9f9f21/scverse_misc-0.1.1-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ce/e4/dccd7f47c4b64213ac01ef921a1337ee6e30e8c6466046018326977efd95/tzdata-2026.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
@@ -3726,7 +3772,7 @@ environments:
       - conda: https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/win-64/vc14_runtime-14.51.36231-h1b9f54f_39.conda
       - conda: https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/win-64/vcomp14-14.51.36231-h1b9f54f_39.conda
       - conda: https://conda.anaconda.org/conda-forge/win-64/zstd-1.5.7-h534d264_6.conda
-      - pypi: .
+      - pypi: ./
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/00/15/b92b4e1d88d02c6eff9733c9eea21846ab435cc4d813d84ccc5d335955df/graphql_core-3.2.11-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/02/17/b82b537a30be67ba178fc0b0fbda8fcbaeda188fb039d6ad8a84e89353a2/dask-2026.6.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/02/be/5d2d47b1fb58943194fb59dcf222f7c4e35122ec0ffe8c36e18b5d728f0b/tblib-3.2.2-py3-none-any.whl
@@ -3816,6 +3862,7 @@ environments:
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       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a6/3d/124ac75fcd0ecc09b8fdccb0246ef65e35b012030defb0e0eba2cbbbe948/pandas-2.3.3-cp314-cp314-win_amd64.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/a7/4b/25a9e8a09083d03ee7ee8701428e514c08029c000f34707cc7665980f4ae/cfn_lint-1.52.1-py3-none-any.whl
+      - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ab/84/02fc1827e8cdded4aa65baef11296a9bbe595c474f0d6d758af082d849fd/execnet-2.1.2-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b3/a0/3e6a0b1c1ea6bec76f71473727ef27abf3cd40e9709b3ebcbfbcfaae6f79/boto3-1.43.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b4/62/674ba5ada6de5615b458d768c0f0fb1a7b53299486fb38a36e0694f3c617/distributed-2026.6.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/b4/90/e2159492b5426be0c1fef7acba807a03511f97c5f86b3caeda6ad92351a7/psutil-7.2.2-cp37-abi3-win_amd64.whl
@@ -3827,6 +3874,7 @@ environments:
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       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c9/33/a7cbfccc39056a5cf8126b7aab4c8bafbedd4f0ca68ae40ecb627a2d2cd3/py_partiql_parser-0.6.3-py2.py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/c9/a4/b393076ffb21b469eec5b328a0534cf03a3b90bfc6b1f09507cdd075d938/tornado-6.5.7-cp39-abi3-win_amd64.whl
+      - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ca/31/d4e37e9e550c2b92a9cbc2e4d0b7420a27224968580b5a447f420847c975/pytest_xdist-3.8.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/cb/b1/3846dd7f199d53cb17f49cba7e651e9ce294d8497c8c150530ed11865bb8/iniconfig-2.3.0-py3-none-any.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/cd/8b/601e6566b957ca50e28725cb6c355c59c2c8609751efbecd980db44e0349/pillow-12.2.0-cp314-cp314-win_amd64.whl
       - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/cd/d7/324b9bdd6fa89fefb4765494dd20d76c06d0f4f0aa8e46233e122c9f9f21/scverse_misc-0.1.1-py3-none-any.whl
@@ -4915,7 +4963,7 @@ packages:
     - zstd >=1.5.7,<1.6.0a0
   size: 388453
   timestamp: 1764777142545
-- pypi: .
+- pypi: ./
   name: ngio
   requires_dist:
   - aiohttp
@@ -4970,6 +5018,7 @@ packages:
   - pytest ; extra == 'test'
   - pytest-cov ; extra == 'test'
   - pytest-httpserver ; extra == 'test'
+  - pytest-xdist ; extra == 'test'
   - scikit-image ; extra == 'test'
   requires_python: '>=3.11,<3.15'
 - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/00/15/b92b4e1d88d02c6eff9733c9eea21846ab435cc4d813d84ccc5d335955df/graphql_core-3.2.11-py3-none-any.whl
@@ -11622,6 +11671,16 @@ packages:
   - brotlicffi>=1.2 ; platform_python_implementation != 'CPython' and extra == 'speedups'
   - backports-zstd ; python_full_version < '3.14' and platform_python_implementation == 'CPython' and sys_platform != 'android' and sys_platform != 'ios' and extra == 'speedups'
   requires_python: '>=3.10'
+- pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ab/84/02fc1827e8cdded4aa65baef11296a9bbe595c474f0d6d758af082d849fd/execnet-2.1.2-py3-none-any.whl
+  name: execnet
+  version: 2.1.2
+  sha256: 67fba928dd5a544b783f6056f449e5e3931a5c378b128bc18501f7ea79e296ec
+  requires_dist:
+  - hatch ; extra == 'testing'
+  - pre-commit ; extra == 'testing'
+  - pytest ; extra == 'testing'
+  - tox ; extra == 'testing'
+  requires_python: '>=3.8'
 - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ad/1f/8970b150a4b4365623ae00fc88603491f763c627311ae8031e3111356d6e/pydantic_core-2.46.4-cp314-cp314-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl
   name: pydantic-core
   version: 2.46.4
@@ -12558,6 +12617,17 @@ packages:
   requires_dist:
   - regex ; extra == 'extras'
   requires_python: '>=3.10'
+- pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ca/31/d4e37e9e550c2b92a9cbc2e4d0b7420a27224968580b5a447f420847c975/pytest_xdist-3.8.0-py3-none-any.whl
+  name: pytest-xdist
+  version: 3.8.0
+  sha256: 202ca578cfeb7370784a8c33d6d05bc6e13b4f25b5053c30a152269fd10f0b88
+  requires_dist:
+  - execnet>=2.1
+  - pytest>=7.0.0
+  - filelock ; extra == 'testing'
+  - psutil>=3.0 ; extra == 'psutil'
+  - setproctitle ; extra == 'setproctitle'
+  requires_python: '>=3.9'
 - pypi: https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ca/d0/7920b8ba919b90173a80f4428d66e05f4d219a3ae3805cebe86924f9cfa1/vispy-0.16.2-cp311-cp311-manylinux2014_x86_64.manylinux_2_17_x86_64.manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl
   name: vispy
   version: 0.16.2
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index dd80f1ac..90971a66 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ dependencies = [
 test = [
     "pytest",
     "pytest-cov",
+    "pytest-xdist",
     "scikit-image",
     "boto3",
     "pytest_httpserver",
@@ -175,9 +176,9 @@ filterwarnings = [
 addopts = [
     "-vv",
     "--color=yes",
-    "--cov=ngio",
-    "--cov-report=term-missing",
-    "--cov-report=xml",
+]
+markers = [
+    "network: test requires internet access (deselect with '-m \"not network\"')",
 ]
 
 # https://coverage.readthedocs.io/
diff --git a/src/ngio/common/_roi.py b/src/ngio/common/_roi.py
index 825dc470..2916b032 100644
--- a/src/ngio/common/_roi.py
+++ b/src/ngio/common/_roi.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def _join_roi_names(name1: str | None, name2: str | None) -> str | None:
         if name1 == name2:
             return name1
         return f"{name1}:{name2}"
-    return name1 or name2
+    return name1 if name1 is not None else name2
 
 
 def _join_roi_labels(label1: int | None, label2: int | None) -> int | None:
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def _join_roi_labels(label1: int | None, label2: int | None) -> int | None:
         if label1 == label2:
             return label1
         raise NgioValueError("Cannot join ROIs with different labels")
-    return label1 or label2
+    return label1 if label1 is not None else label2
 
 
 class RoiSlice(BaseModel):
@@ -323,9 +323,7 @@ def from_values(
         _slices = []
         for axis, _slice in slices.items():
             _slices.append(RoiSlice.from_value(axis_name=axis, value=_slice))
-        return cls.model_construct(
-            name=name, slices=_slices, label=label, space=space, **kwargs
-        )
+        return cls(name=name, slices=_slices, label=label, space=space, **kwargs)
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         """Allow dict-like access to slices by axis name."""
@@ -372,7 +370,10 @@ def _apply_sym_ops(
     ) -> list[RoiSlice] | None:
         self_axis_dict = {s.axis_name: s for s in self_slices}
         other_axis_dict = {s.axis_name: s for s in other_slices}
-        common_axis_names = self_axis_dict.keys() | other_axis_dict.keys()
+        # self's axis order first, then axes only present in other
+        common_axis_names = list(self_axis_dict) + [
+            name for name in other_axis_dict if name not in self_axis_dict
+        ]
         new_slices = []
         for axis_name in common_axis_names:
             slice_a = self_axis_dict.get(axis_name)
diff --git a/src/ngio/config/_config.py b/src/ngio/config/_config.py
index 1e6c9339..ce21784e 100644
--- a/src/ngio/config/_config.py
+++ b/src/ngio/config/_config.py
@@ -152,9 +152,23 @@ def _load_config_data() -> dict[str, Any]:
         ) from e
 
 
-_config = NgioConfig.model_validate(_load_config_data())
+_config: NgioConfig | None = None
 
 
 def get_config() -> NgioConfig:
-    """Return the global ngio configuration singleton."""
+    """Return the global ngio configuration singleton.
+
+    The configuration is loaded lazily on first access, so setting
+    `NGIO_CONFIG_PATH` before the first call is honored even if ngio
+    was imported earlier.
+    """
+    global _config
+    if _config is None:
+        _config = NgioConfig.model_validate(_load_config_data())
     return _config
+
+
+def _reset_config() -> None:
+    """Drop the cached configuration so the next `get_config` reloads it."""
+    global _config
+    _config = None
diff --git a/src/ngio/experimental/iterators/_rois_utils.py b/src/ngio/experimental/iterators/_rois_utils.py
index ef463810..ccd78072 100644
--- a/src/ngio/experimental/iterators/_rois_utils.py
+++ b/src/ngio/experimental/iterators/_rois_utils.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from ngio import Roi
 from ngio.images._abstract_image import AbstractImage
+from ngio.utils import NgioValueError
 
 
 def rois_product(rois_a: list[Roi], rois_b: list[Roi]) -> list[Roi]:
@@ -42,14 +43,29 @@ def grid(
     stride_y = stride_y if stride_y is not None else size_y
     stride_x = stride_x if stride_x is not None else size_x
 
+    for axis_name, stride in (
+        ("t", stride_t),
+        ("z", stride_z),
+        ("y", stride_y),
+        ("x", stride_x),
+    ):
+        if stride < 1:
+            raise NgioValueError(
+                f"Grid stride along '{axis_name}' must be >= 1, got {stride}. "
+                "This can happen when the requested overlap is equal to or "
+                "larger than the tile size."
+            )
+
     # Here we would create a grid of ROIs based on the specified parameters.
     new_rois = []
     for t in range(0, t_dim, stride_t):
         for z in range(0, z_dim, stride_z):
             for y in range(0, y_dim, stride_y):
                 for x in range(0, x_dim, stride_x):
+                    tile_name = f"t{t}_z{z}_y{y}_x{x}"
+                    name = f"{base_name}_{tile_name}" if base_name else tile_name
                     roi = Roi.from_values(
-                        name=base_name,
+                        name=name,
                         slices={
                             "x": (x, size_x),
                             "y": (y, size_y),
diff --git a/src/ngio/hcs/_plate.py b/src/ngio/hcs/_plate.py
index 5e860230..b1c755d8 100644
--- a/src/ngio/hcs/_plate.py
+++ b/src/ngio/hcs/_plate.py
@@ -387,8 +387,9 @@ def _get_well(self, well_path: str) -> OmeZarrWell:
             return cached_well
 
         group_handler = self._group_handler.get_handler(well_path)
-        self._wells_cache.set(well_path, OmeZarrWell(group_handler))
-        return OmeZarrWell(group_handler)
+        well = OmeZarrWell(group_handler)
+        self._wells_cache.set(well_path, well)
+        return well
 
     def get_well(self, row: str, column: int | str) -> OmeZarrWell:
         """Get a well from the plate.
diff --git a/src/ngio/images/_create_utils.py b/src/ngio/images/_create_utils.py
index 5a6abdee..08fc9bbc 100644
--- a/src/ngio/images/_create_utils.py
+++ b/src/ngio/images/_create_utils.py
@@ -87,10 +87,12 @@ def _check_deprecated_scaling_factors(
             y_scale = yx_scaling_factor if yx_scaling_factor is not None else 2.0
             x_scale = yx_scaling_factor if yx_scaling_factor is not None else 2.0
         z_scale = z_scaling_factor if z_scaling_factor is not None else 1.0
-        scaling_factors = (z_scale, x_scale, y_scale)
+        scaling_factors = (z_scale, y_scale, x_scale)
         if len(scaling_factors) < len(shape):
             padding = (1.0,) * (len(shape) - len(scaling_factors))
             scaling_factors = padding + scaling_factors
+        elif len(scaling_factors) > len(shape):
+            scaling_factors = scaling_factors[len(scaling_factors) - len(shape) :]
 
         return scaling_factors
     return scaling_factors
diff --git a/src/ngio/images/_ome_zarr_container.py b/src/ngio/images/_ome_zarr_container.py
index 23511115..1643a16c 100644
--- a/src/ngio/images/_ome_zarr_container.py
+++ b/src/ngio/images/_ome_zarr_container.py
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ def _try_get_label_container(
             axes_setup=axes_setup,
             ngff_version=ngff_version,
         )
-    except FileNotFoundError:
+    except (NgioError, FileNotFoundError):
         return None
 
 
diff --git a/src/ngio/images/_table_ops.py b/src/ngio/images/_table_ops.py
index 508a608b..18d63ef9 100644
--- a/src/ngio/images/_table_ops.py
+++ b/src/ngio/images/_table_ops.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def _reindex_dataframe(
         index_cols.append(old_index)
     dataframe.index = dataframe[index_cols].astype(str).agg("_".join, axis=1)
 
-    if index_key is None:
+    if index_key is not None:
         dataframe.index.name = index_key
     return dataframe
 
@@ -58,16 +58,25 @@ def _add_const_columns_pl(
     dataframe: pl.LazyFrame,
     new_cols: dict[str, str],
     index_key: str | None = None,
+    table_index_key: str | None = None,
 ) -> pl.LazyFrame:
     dataframe = dataframe.with_columns(
         [pl.lit(value, dtype=pl.String()).alias(col) for col, value in new_cols.items()]
     )
 
     if index_key is not None:
+        # Mirror the pandas path: the new index hashes the extras columns
+        # plus the table's original index column (when present).
+        index_cols = list(new_cols.keys())
+        if (
+            table_index_key is not None
+            and table_index_key in dataframe.collect_schema().names()
+        ):
+            index_cols.append(table_index_key)
         dataframe = dataframe.with_columns(
             [
                 pl.concat_str(
-                    [pl.col(col) for col in new_cols.keys()],
+                    [pl.col(col).cast(pl.String()) for col in index_cols],
                     separator="_",
                 ).alias(index_key)
             ]
@@ -105,6 +114,7 @@ def _pl_concat(
             dataframe=table.table.lazy_frame,
             new_cols=table.extras,
             index_key=index_key,
+            table_index_key=table.table.meta.index_key,
         )
         dataframes.append(polars_ls)
 
@@ -301,6 +311,7 @@ def process_image(
             image=image,
             name=name,
             extra=extra,
+            mode=mode,
             strict=strict,
         )
         tasks.append(task)
diff --git a/src/ngio/io_pipes/_ops_slices.py b/src/ngio/io_pipes/_ops_slices.py
index 6bc0fb96..8ff00824 100644
--- a/src/ngio/io_pipes/_ops_slices.py
+++ b/src/ngio/io_pipes/_ops_slices.py
@@ -299,7 +299,11 @@ def _try_to_slice(value: Sequence[int]) -> slice | list[int]:
     # If the input is not sorted, return it as a tuple
     max_input = max(value)
     min_input = min(value)
-    assert min_input >= 0, "Input must contain non-negative integers"
+    if min_input < 0:
+        raise NgioValueError(
+            f"Invalid negative value {min_input} in sequence {value}. "
+            "Slicing sequences must contain non-negative integers."
+        )
 
     if sorted(value) == list(range(min_input, max_input + 1)):
         return slice(min_input, max_input + 1)
diff --git a/src/ngio/io_pipes/_ops_slices_utils.py b/src/ngio/io_pipes/_ops_slices_utils.py
index 4133340a..c132fada 100644
--- a/src/ngio/io_pipes/_ops_slices_utils.py
+++ b/src/ngio/io_pipes/_ops_slices_utils.py
@@ -47,12 +47,7 @@ def check_elem_intersection(s1: SlicingType, s2: SlicingType) -> bool:
         start1, stop1, step1 = s1.start or 0, s1.stop or float("inf"), s1.step or 1
         start2, stop2, step2 = s2.start or 0, s2.stop or float("inf"), s2.step or 1
 
-        if step1 is not None and step2 != 1:
-            raise NotImplementedError(
-                "Intersection for slices with step != 1 is not implemented"
-            )
-
-        if step2 is not None and step1 != 1:
+        if step1 != 1 or step2 != 1:
             raise NotImplementedError(
                 "Intersection for slices with step != 1 is not implemented"
             )
diff --git a/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/ngio_specs/_axes.py b/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/ngio_specs/_axes.py
index 18fb2c8b..f515ffd6 100644
--- a/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/ngio_specs/_axes.py
+++ b/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/ngio_specs/_axes.py
@@ -187,15 +187,16 @@ def from_ordered_list(
                 "The number of axes names cannot be greater than the "
                 "number of canonical axes."
             )
-        canonical_order = list(canonical_order)
         chanonical_axes = canonical_axes_order()
+        # Canonical names always claim their own slot; non-canonical names
+        # fill the remaining slots right-aligned.
+        free_slots = [c_ax for c_ax in canonical_order if c_ax not in set(axes_names)]
         axes_mapping = {}
         for ax in reversed(axes_names):
-            c_ax = canonical_order.pop()
             if ax in chanonical_axes:
                 axes_mapping[ax] = ax
             else:
-                axes_mapping[c_ax] = ax
+                axes_mapping[free_slots.pop()] = ax
         return cls(**axes_mapping)
 
     def canonical_map(self) -> dict[str, str]:
diff --git a/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/ngio_specs/_ngio_hcs.py b/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/ngio_specs/_ngio_hcs.py
index af903285..0202e14b 100644
--- a/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/ngio_specs/_ngio_hcs.py
+++ b/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/ngio_specs/_ngio_hcs.py
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ def add_image(
             strict (bool): If True, check if the image already exists in the well.
                 If False, do not check if the image already exists in the well.
         """
-        list_of_images = self.images
+        list_of_images = list(self.images)
         for image in list_of_images:
             if image.path == path:
                 raise NgioValueError(
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ def remove_image(self, path: str) -> "NgioWellMeta":
         Args:
             path (str): The path of the image.
         """
-        list_of_images = self.images
+        list_of_images = list(self.images)
         for image in list_of_images:
             if image.path == path:
                 list_of_images.remove(image)
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ def add_well(
         plate, row_idx = self.add_row(row=row)
         plate, column_idx = plate.add_column(column=column)
 
-        wells = plate.plate.wells
+        wells = list(plate.plate.wells)
         for well_obj in wells:
             if well_obj.rowIndex == row_idx and well_obj.columnIndex == column_idx:
                 break
@@ -487,9 +487,10 @@ def add_acquisition(
             acquisition_name (str | None): The acquisition name of the well.
             **acquisition_kwargs: Additional acquisition metadata.
         """
-        acquisitions = self.plate.acquisitions
-        if acquisitions is None:
+        if self.plate.acquisitions is None:
             acquisitions = []
+        else:
+            acquisitions = list(self.plate.acquisitions)
 
         for acquisition_obj in acquisitions:
             if acquisition_obj.id == acquisition_id:
@@ -528,7 +529,7 @@ def remove_well(self, row: str, column: str | int) -> "NgioPlateMeta":
         if column_idx is None:
             raise NgioValueError(f"Column {column} not found in the plate.")
 
-        wells = self.plate.wells
+        wells = list(self.plate.wells)
         for well_obj in wells:
             if well_obj.rowIndex == row_idx and well_obj.columnIndex == column_idx:
                 wells.remove(well_obj)
diff --git a/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/ngio_specs/_pixel_size.py b/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/ngio_specs/_pixel_size.py
index 90d0fd79..6180a385 100644
--- a/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/ngio_specs/_pixel_size.py
+++ b/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/ngio_specs/_pixel_size.py
@@ -40,13 +40,9 @@ def __repr__(self) -> str:
     def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
         """Check if two pixel sizes are equal."""
         if not isinstance(other, PixelSize):
-            raise TypeError("Can only compare PixelSize with PixelSize.")
+            return NotImplemented
 
-        if (
-            self.time_unit is not None
-            and other.time_unit is None
-            and self.time_unit != other.time_unit
-        ):
+        if self.time_unit != other.time_unit:
             return False
 
         if self.space_unit != other.space_unit:
diff --git a/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/v05/_v05_spec.py b/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/v05/_v05_spec.py
index fe6922a9..b97ba65a 100644
--- a/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/v05/_v05_spec.py
+++ b/src/ngio/ome_zarr_meta/v05/_v05_spec.py
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ def _v05_to_ngio_datasets(
                 axis_type=AxisType(v05_axis.type),
                 # (for some reason the type is a generic JsonValue,
                 # but it should be a string or None)
-                unit=v05_axis.unit,  # type: ignore
+                unit=unit,  # type: ignore
             )
         )
     axes_handler = AxesHandler(
diff --git a/src/ngio/tables/v1/_roi_table.py b/src/ngio/tables/v1/_roi_table.py
index 6cc69153..f2d2bbce 100644
--- a/src/ngio/tables/v1/_roi_table.py
+++ b/src/ngio/tables/v1/_roi_table.py
@@ -210,6 +210,10 @@ def __init__(self, rois: Iterable[Roi]) -> None:
             name = roi.name
             if name in self._rois_by_name:
                 name = f"{name}_{uuid4().hex[:8]}"
+                if roi.name is not None:
+                    # keep the roi's own name in sync so the rename
+                    # survives serialization
+                    roi = roi.model_copy(update={"name": name})
             self._rois_by_name[name] = roi
             if roi.label is not None:
                 self._rois_by_label[roi.label] = roi
@@ -374,6 +378,10 @@ def _check_rois(self) -> None:
         If the ROIs are not loaded, load them from the table.
         """
         if self._rois is None:
+            if self._table_data is None and self._table_backend is None:
+                # No backend and no in-memory data: this is an empty ROI table.
+                self._rois = RoiDictWrapper([])
+                return
             self._rois = RoiDictWrapper.from_dataframe(
                 self.dataframe, required_columns=self._required_columns
             )
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index c3453778..a4c86cb6 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
+from filelock import FileLock
 
 from ngio.utils import download_ome_zarr_dataset
 
@@ -15,41 +16,141 @@ def pytest_configure(config):
     )
 
 
-zenodo_download_dir = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "data"
-os.makedirs(zenodo_download_dir, exist_ok=True)
-cardiomyocyte_tiny_source_path = download_ome_zarr_dataset(
-    "CardiomyocyteTiny", download_dir=zenodo_download_dir
-)
+ZENODO_DOWNLOAD_DIR = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "data"
+TEST_DATA_DIR = Path(__file__).parent / "data"
 
-cardiomyocyte_small_mip_source_path = download_ome_zarr_dataset(
-    "CardiomyocyteSmallMip", download_dir=zenodo_download_dir
-)
+
+def _download_dataset(name: str) -> Path:
+    """Download (or reuse the cached copy of) a Zenodo test dataset.
+
+    Called lazily from session fixtures so that test collection never
+    blocks on the network; with a warm cache no network access happens.
+    The file lock serializes concurrent pytest-xdist workers on a cold
+    cache, and `re_unzip=False` skips re-extracting an existing dataset.
+    """
+    os.makedirs(ZENODO_DOWNLOAD_DIR, exist_ok=True)
+    with FileLock(ZENODO_DOWNLOAD_DIR / f"{name}.lock"):
+        return download_ome_zarr_dataset(
+            name, download_dir=ZENODO_DOWNLOAD_DIR, re_unzip=False
+        )
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+def cardiomyocyte_tiny_source_path() -> Path:
+    return _download_dataset("CardiomyocyteTiny")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+def cardiomyocyte_small_mip_source_path() -> Path:
+    return _download_dataset("CardiomyocyteSmallMip")
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def cardiomyocyte_tiny_path(tmp_path: Path) -> Path:
+def cardiomyocyte_tiny_path(
+    tmp_path: Path, cardiomyocyte_tiny_source_path: Path
+) -> Path:
     dest_path = tmp_path / cardiomyocyte_tiny_source_path.stem
     shutil.copytree(cardiomyocyte_tiny_source_path, dest_path, dirs_exist_ok=True)
     return dest_path
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def cardiomyocyte_small_mip_path(tmp_path: Path) -> Path:
+def cardiomyocyte_small_mip_path(
+    tmp_path: Path, cardiomyocyte_small_mip_source_path: Path
+) -> Path:
     dest_path = tmp_path / cardiomyocyte_small_mip_source_path.stem
     shutil.copytree(cardiomyocyte_small_mip_source_path, dest_path, dirs_exist_ok=True)
     return dest_path
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
-def images_all_versions(tmp_path: Path) -> dict[str, Path]:
-    dest_base = tmp_path / "all_versions" / "images"
+def cardiomyocyte_small_mip_image_path(
+    tmp_path: Path, cardiomyocyte_small_mip_source_path: Path
+) -> Path:
+    """A fresh copy of the single image `B/03/0` of the small-mip plate.
+
+    Much cheaper than copying the whole plate; use for tests that write to
+    one image only.
+    """
+    source = cardiomyocyte_small_mip_source_path / "B" / "03" / "0"
+    dest_path = tmp_path / "cardiomyocyte_small_mip_image"
+    shutil.copytree(source, dest_path)
+    return dest_path
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+def cardiomyocyte_tiny_path_readonly(
+    tmp_path_factory: pytest.TempPathFactory, cardiomyocyte_tiny_source_path: Path
+) -> Path:
+    """One shared session-wide copy of the tiny plate — for read-only tests."""
+    dest_path = (
+        tmp_path_factory.mktemp("cardio_tiny_ro") / cardiomyocyte_tiny_source_path.stem
+    )
+    shutil.copytree(cardiomyocyte_tiny_source_path, dest_path)
+    return dest_path
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+def cardiomyocyte_small_mip_path_readonly(
+    tmp_path_factory: pytest.TempPathFactory, cardiomyocyte_small_mip_source_path: Path
+) -> Path:
+    """One shared session-wide copy of the small-mip plate — for read-only tests."""
+    dest_path = (
+        tmp_path_factory.mktemp("cardio_mip_ro")
+        / cardiomyocyte_small_mip_source_path.stem
+    )
+    shutil.copytree(cardiomyocyte_small_mip_source_path, dest_path)
+    return dest_path
+
+
+# One entry per (NGFF version, axes combination) in tests/data/{v04,v05}/images
+ALL_IMAGE_ZARR_NAMES = [
+    f"{version}/test_image_{axes}.zarr"
+    for version in ("v04", "v05")
+    for axes in ("yx", "cyx", "zyx", "czyx", "c1yx", "tyx", "tcyx", "tzyx", "tczyx")
+]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(params=ALL_IMAGE_ZARR_NAMES)
+def zarr_name(request: pytest.FixtureRequest) -> str:
+    """Name of one on-disk test image, keyed into `images_all_versions`."""
+    return request.param
+
+
+def _copy_images_all_versions(dest_base: Path) -> dict[str, Path]:
     dest_base.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
     paths = {}
     for version in ["v04", "v05"]:
-        source = Path(f"tests/data/{version}/images/")
+        source = TEST_DATA_DIR / version / "images"
         dest = dest_base / version
         dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
         shutil.copytree(source, dest, dirs_exist_ok=True)
         for file in dest.glob("*.zarr"):
             paths[f"{version}/{file.name}"] = file
     return paths
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def single_image_copy(tmp_path: Path, zarr_name: str) -> Path:
+    """A fresh per-test copy of one test image — for tests that write to it.
+
+    Composes with the `zarr_name` parametrization (or an explicit
+    `@pytest.mark.parametrize("zarr_name", ...)` override).
+    """
+    version, name = zarr_name.split("/")
+    source = TEST_DATA_DIR / version / "images" / name
+    dest = tmp_path / version / name
+    shutil.copytree(source, dest)
+    return dest
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
+def images_all_versions_readonly(
+    tmp_path_factory: pytest.TempPathFactory,
+) -> dict[str, Path]:
+    """One shared session-wide copy of the test images.
+
+    Use only in tests that never write to the images (a stray write would
+    leak into every later test of the session).
+    """
+    return _copy_images_all_versions(tmp_path_factory.mktemp("images_all_versions"))
diff --git a/tests/create_test_data.py b/tests/create_test_data.py
index 12ebfd5f..3426dfc4 100644
--- a/tests/create_test_data.py
+++ b/tests/create_test_data.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 from ngio import NgffVersions, create_empty_ome_zarr
 
-DATA_DIR = Path("tests/data")
+DATA_DIR = Path(__file__).parent / "data"
 
 IMAGE_SPECS = [
     {
diff --git a/tests/data/v04/meta/base_ome_zarr_image_meta_wrong_axis_order.json b/tests/data/v04/meta/base_ome_zarr_image_meta_wrong_axis_order.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 00f0aa8b..00000000
--- a/tests/data/v04/meta/base_ome_zarr_image_meta_wrong_axis_order.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "multiscales": [
-        {
-            "axes": [
-                {"name": "z", "type": "space", "unit": "micrometer"},
-                {"name": "c", "type": "channel"},
-                {"name": "y", "type": "space", "unit": "micrometer"},
-                {"name": "x", "type": "space", "unit": "micrometer"}
-            ],
-            "datasets": [
-                {
-                    "coordinateTransformations": [
-                        {"scale": [1.0, 1.0, 0.1625, 0.1625], "type": "scale"}
-                    ],
-                    "path": "0"
-                },
-                {
-                    "coordinateTransformations": [
-                        {"scale": [1.0, 1.0, 0.325, 0.325], "type": "scale"}
-                    ],
-                    "path": "1"
-                },
-                {
-                    "coordinateTransformations": [
-                        {"scale": [1.0, 1.0, 0.65, 0.65], "type": "scale"}
-                    ],
-                    "path": "2"
-                },
-                {
-                    "coordinateTransformations": [
-                        {"scale": [1.0, 1.0, 1.3, 1.3], "type": "scale"}
-                    ],
-                    "path": "3"
-                },
-                {
-                    "coordinateTransformations": [
-                        {"scale": [1.0, 1.0, 2.6, 2.6], "type": "scale"}
-                    ],
-                    "path": "4"
-                }
-            ],
-            "version": "0.4"
-        }
-    ],
-    "omero": {
-        "channels": [
-            {
-                "active": true,
-                "color": "00FFFF",
-                "label": "DAPI",
-                "wavelength_id": "A01_C01",
-                "window": {"end": 700, "max": 65535, "min": 0, "start": 0}
-            },
-            {
-                "active": true,
-                "color": "FF00FF",
-                "label": "nanog",
-                "wavelength_id": "A01_C02",
-                "window": {"end": 180, "max": 65535, "min": 0, "start": 0}
-            },
-            {
-                "active": true,
-                "color": "FFFF00",
-                "label": "Lamin B1",
-                "wavelength_id": "A02_C03",
-                "window": {"end": 1500, "max": 65535, "min": 0, "start": 0}
-            }
-        ],
-        "id": 1,
-        "name": "TBD",
-        "version": "0.4"
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tests/stores/conftest.py b/tests/stores/conftest.py
index 03dd8014..fd2889ec 100644
--- a/tests/stores/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/stores/conftest.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def log_message(self, format, *args):
         pass
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
+@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
 def moto_s3_server():
     """Mock S3 backend via aiomoto in server mode.
 
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ def moto_s3_server():
     region), so both boto3 and s3fs discover it automatically — no subprocess,
     no hardcoded port. The Moto backend is shared between the synchronous boto3
     client used here and the aiobotocore backend that s3fs drives under the hood.
+
+    Session-scoped: starting/stopping the server costs ~4s per test. Tests
+    isolate from each other by writing to `random_zarr_path()` keys.
     """
     bucket_name = "s3-ci-test-bucket"
     with mock_aws(server_mode=True) as ctx:
diff --git a/tests/stores/utils.py b/tests/stores/utils.py
index 695a2852..5bad20c6 100644
--- a/tests/stores/utils.py
+++ b/tests/stores/utils.py
@@ -8,11 +8,14 @@
 from ngio import OmeZarrContainer, create_empty_ome_zarr
 from ngio.tables import FeatureTable
 
-TEST_IMAGE = np.ones((3, 5, 64, 64), dtype=np.uint16)
-TEST_LABEL = np.zeros((5, 64, 64), dtype=np.uint16)
-TEST_LABEL[0, 10:30, 10:30] = 1
-TEST_LABEL[0, 35:55, 35:55] = 2
-TEST_LABEL[0, 20:40, 40:60] = 3
+# Kept deliberately small: every store-matrix test round-trips this image
+# (plus a label and four table backends) through mocked remote stores, so
+# the object count directly drives CI runtime.
+TEST_IMAGE = np.ones((3, 2, 32, 32), dtype=np.uint16)
+TEST_LABEL = np.zeros((2, 32, 32), dtype=np.uint16)
+TEST_LABEL[0, 5:15, 5:15] = 1
+TEST_LABEL[0, 17:27, 17:27] = 2
+TEST_LABEL[0, 10:20, 20:30] = 3
 
 TEST_TABLE = pd.DataFrame(
     {
@@ -108,10 +111,10 @@ def create_sample_ome_zarr(
     """Create a sample OME-Zarr structure in the given store for testing."""
     ome_zarr = create_empty_ome_zarr(
         store=store,
-        shape=(3, 5, 64, 64),
+        shape=TEST_IMAGE.shape,
         pixelsize=(0.65, 0.65),
         channels_meta=["Channel 1", "Channel 2", "Channel 3"],
-        levels=3,
+        levels=2,
         axes_names=["c", "z", "y", "x"],
     )
     ome_zarr = set_to_image(ome_zarr)
diff --git a/tests/unit/common/test_roi.py b/tests/unit/common/test_roi.py
index 5f281625..1c41cb97 100644
--- a/tests/unit/common/test_roi.py
+++ b/tests/unit/common/test_roi.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import pytest
+from pydantic import ValidationError
 
 from ngio import PixelSize
 from ngio.common import Roi, RoiSlice
@@ -571,3 +572,44 @@ def test_rois_union(
     assert union.get("y") == expected_union.get("y")
     assert union.get("z") == expected_union.get("z")
     assert union.get("t") == expected_union.get("t")
+
+
+def test_roi_join_preserves_label_zero():
+    roi_a = Roi.from_values(name="a", slices={"x": (0, 2), "y": (0, 2)}, label=0)
+    roi_b = Roi.from_values(name="b", slices={"x": (1, 2), "y": (1, 2)})
+
+    intersection = roi_a.intersection(roi_b)
+    assert intersection is not None
+    assert intersection.label == 0
+
+    union = roi_a.union(roi_b)
+    assert union.label == 0
+
+
+def test_roi_join_preserves_empty_name():
+    roi_a = Roi.from_values(name="", slices={"x": (0, 2), "y": (0, 2)})
+    roi_b = Roi.from_values(name=None, slices={"x": (1, 2), "y": (1, 2)})
+
+    intersection = roi_a.intersection(roi_b)
+    assert intersection is not None
+    assert intersection.name == ""
+
+
+def test_roi_sym_ops_axis_order_is_deterministic():
+    roi_a = Roi.from_values(name="a", slices={"z": (0, 2), "y": (0, 2), "x": (0, 2)})
+    roi_b = Roi.from_values(name="b", slices={"y": (1, 2), "x": (1, 2), "t": (0, 1)})
+
+    intersection = roi_a.intersection(roi_b)
+    assert intersection is not None
+    assert [s.axis_name for s in intersection.slices] == ["z", "y", "x", "t"]
+
+    union = roi_a.union(roi_b)
+    assert [s.axis_name for s in union.slices] == ["z", "y", "x", "t"]
+
+
+def test_roi_from_values_validates_fields():
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError):
+        Roi.from_values(name="r", slices={"x": (0, 1), "y": (0, 1)}, label=-1)
+
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError):
+        Roi.from_values(name="r", slices={"x": (0, 1)})
diff --git a/tests/unit/config/test_config.py b/tests/unit/config/test_config.py
index 62bd7f67..2cf5d9a1 100644
--- a/tests/unit/config/test_config.py
+++ b/tests/unit/config/test_config.py
@@ -160,3 +160,19 @@ def test_retry_config_no_warning_by_default(recwarn):
     RetryConfig()
     RetryConfig(max_retries=5, retry_on=["OSError"])
     assert len(recwarn) == 0
+
+
+def test_get_config_lazy_load_respects_env_var(monkeypatch, tmp_path):
+    from ngio.config._config import _reset_config, get_config
+
+    config_path = tmp_path / "ngio_config.json"
+    config_path.write_text('{"io_retry": {"max_retries": 7}}')
+    monkeypatch.setenv("NGIO_CONFIG_PATH", str(config_path))
+
+    _reset_config()
+    try:
+        assert get_config().io_retry.max_retries == 7
+        # cached: same object on repeated calls
+        assert get_config() is get_config()
+    finally:
+        _reset_config()
diff --git a/tests/unit/hcs/test_plate.py b/tests/unit/hcs/test_plate.py
index 474fcca8..2a265d28 100644
--- a/tests/unit/hcs/test_plate.py
+++ b/tests/unit/hcs/test_plate.py
@@ -19,9 +19,8 @@
 from ngio.utils import NgioValueError
 
 
-def test_open_real_ome_zarr_plate(cardiomyocyte_tiny_path: Path):
-    cardiomyocyte_tiny_path = cardiomyocyte_tiny_path
-    ome_zarr_plate = open_ome_zarr_plate(cardiomyocyte_tiny_path)
+def test_open_real_ome_zarr_plate(cardiomyocyte_tiny_path_readonly: Path):
+    ome_zarr_plate = open_ome_zarr_plate(cardiomyocyte_tiny_path_readonly)
 
     assert isinstance(ome_zarr_plate.__repr__(), str)
     assert ome_zarr_plate.columns == ["03"]
@@ -101,8 +100,10 @@ def test_create_and_edit_plate_path_normalization(tmp_path: Path):
     assert test_plate.images_paths() == ["B/03/0_mip", "B/03/1_illumination_correction"]
 
 
-def test_derive_plate_from_ome_zarr(cardiomyocyte_tiny_path: Path, tmp_path: Path):
-    ome_zarr_plate = open_ome_zarr_plate(cardiomyocyte_tiny_path)
+def test_derive_plate_from_ome_zarr(
+    cardiomyocyte_tiny_path_readonly: Path, tmp_path: Path
+):
+    ome_zarr_plate = open_ome_zarr_plate(cardiomyocyte_tiny_path_readonly)
     test_plate = ome_zarr_plate.derive_plate(
         tmp_path / "test_plate.zarr", keep_acquisitions=True
     )
@@ -301,8 +302,8 @@ def test_tables_api(tmp_path: Path):
     test_plate.delete_table("non_existing_table", missing_ok=True)
 
 
-def test_plate_table_aggregations(cardiomyocyte_small_mip_path: Path):
-    ome_zarr_plate = open_ome_zarr_plate(cardiomyocyte_small_mip_path)
+def test_plate_table_aggregations(cardiomyocyte_small_mip_path_readonly: Path):
+    ome_zarr_plate = open_ome_zarr_plate(cardiomyocyte_small_mip_path_readonly)
     expected_tables = [
         "FOV_ROI_table",
         "nuclei_ROI_table",
diff --git a/tests/unit/hcs/test_plate_edge_cases.py b/tests/unit/hcs/test_plate_edge_cases.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..30390a90
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/hcs/test_plate_edge_cases.py
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+"""Edge-case coverage tests for `ngio.hcs._plate`."""
+
+import asyncio
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pandas as pd
+import pytest
+
+from ngio import (
+    Roi,
+    create_empty_plate,
+    create_empty_well,
+    open_ome_zarr_plate,
+)
+from ngio.tables import (
+    ConditionTable,
+    FeatureTable,
+    GenericRoiTable,
+    MaskingRoiTable,
+    RoiTable,
+)
+from ngio.utils import NgioDeprecationWarning, NgioValueError
+
+
+def _make_roi(name: str, label: int | None = None) -> Roi:
+    return Roi.from_values(
+        name=name,
+        slices={"x": (0, 10), "y": (0, 10), "z": (0, 10)},
+        label=label,
+    )
+
+
+def test_get_image_missing_in_well(cardiomyocyte_tiny_path_readonly: Path):
+    plate = open_ome_zarr_plate(cardiomyocyte_tiny_path_readonly, mode="r")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="does not exist in well"):
+        plate.get_image("B", "03", "not_an_image")
+
+
+def test_wells_and_images_cache(cardiomyocyte_tiny_path_readonly: Path):
+    plate = open_ome_zarr_plate(cardiomyocyte_tiny_path_readonly, cache=True, mode="r")
+    # First get_image populates the cache, later calls return the cached object
+    image = plate.get_image("B", "03", "0")
+    assert plate.get_image("B", "03", "0") is image
+
+    # First get_well populates the cache, later calls return the cached object
+    _ = plate.get_well("B", "03")
+    well = plate.get_well("B", "03")
+    assert plate.get_well("B", "03") is well
+
+
+def test_add_image_none_path_raises(tmp_path: Path):
+    plate = create_empty_plate(tmp_path / "plate.zarr", name="plate")
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Image path cannot be None"):
+        plate.add_image(row="B", column="03", image_path=None)  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Image path cannot be None"):
+        plate.atomic_add_image(row="B", column="03", image_path=None)  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
+
+
+def test_atomic_remove_image(tmp_path: Path):
+    plate = create_empty_plate(tmp_path / "plate.zarr", name="plate")
+    plate.add_image(row="B", column="03", image_path="0")
+    plate.add_image(row="B", column="03", image_path="1")
+
+    plate.atomic_remove_image(row="B", column="03", image_path="1")
+    assert plate.images_paths() == ["B/03/0"]
+    assert plate.wells_paths() == ["B/03"]
+
+    # Removing the last image of a well also removes the well
+    plate.atomic_remove_image(row="B", column="03", image_path="0")
+    assert plate.images_paths() == []
+    assert plate.wells_paths() == []
+
+
+def test_tables_container_missing_on_readonly_plate(tmp_path: Path):
+    create_empty_plate(tmp_path / "plate.zarr", name="plate")
+    plate = open_ome_zarr_plate(tmp_path / "plate.zarr", mode="r")
+    # No tables group exists and it cannot be created in read-only mode
+    assert plate.list_tables() == []
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="No tables container found"):
+        _ = plate.tables_container
+
+
+def test_typed_table_getters(tmp_path: Path):
+    plate = create_empty_plate(tmp_path / "plate.zarr", name="plate")
+    plate.add_table("roi", RoiTable(rois=[_make_roi("roi_1")]))
+    plate.add_table("masking", MaskingRoiTable(rois=[_make_roi("1", label=1)]))
+    plate.add_table("feature", FeatureTable(pd.DataFrame({"label": [1], "x": [0.5]})))
+    plate.add_table(
+        "condition", ConditionTable(table_data=pd.DataFrame({"cond": ["a"]}))
+    )
+
+    assert isinstance(plate.get_roi_table("roi"), RoiTable)
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="is not a ROI table"):
+        plate.get_roi_table("masking")
+
+    assert isinstance(plate.get_masking_roi_table("masking"), MaskingRoiTable)
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="is not a masking ROI table"):
+        plate.get_masking_roi_table("roi")
+
+    assert isinstance(plate.get_feature_table("feature"), FeatureTable)
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="is not a feature table"):
+        plate.get_feature_table("roi")
+
+    # RoiTable is a GenericRoiTable subclass, so it passes the generic getter
+    assert isinstance(plate.get_generic_roi_table("roi"), GenericRoiTable)
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="is not a generic ROI table"):
+        plate.get_generic_roi_table("feature")
+
+    assert isinstance(plate.get_condition_table("condition"), ConditionTable)
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="is not a condition table"):
+        plate.get_condition_table("roi")
+
+
+def test_get_table_check_type_deprecated(tmp_path: Path):
+    plate = create_empty_plate(tmp_path / "plate.zarr", name="plate")
+    plate.add_table("roi", RoiTable(rois=[_make_roi("roi_1")]))
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="'check_type' argument"):
+        table = plate.get_table("roi", check_type="roi_table")
+    assert isinstance(table, RoiTable)
+
+
+def test_get_table_as(tmp_path: Path):
+    plate = create_empty_plate(tmp_path / "plate.zarr", name="plate")
+    plate.add_table("roi", RoiTable(rois=[_make_roi("roi_1")]))
+    table = plate.get_table_as("roi", RoiTable)
+    assert isinstance(table, RoiTable)
+    assert len(table.rois()) == 1
+
+
+def test_concatenate_image_tables_as(cardiomyocyte_small_mip_path_readonly: Path):
+    plate = open_ome_zarr_plate(cardiomyocyte_small_mip_path_readonly, mode="r")
+    table = plate.concatenate_image_tables_as(
+        name="regionprops_DAPI", table_cls=FeatureTable
+    )
+    assert isinstance(table, FeatureTable)
+
+    async_table = asyncio.run(
+        plate.concatenate_image_tables_as_async(
+            name="regionprops_DAPI", table_cls=FeatureTable
+        )
+    )
+    assert isinstance(async_table, FeatureTable)
+    assert set(table.dataframe.columns) == set(async_table.dataframe.columns)
+
+
+def test_create_empty_plate_version_deprecated(tmp_path: Path):
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="'version' argument"):
+        plate = create_empty_plate(tmp_path / "plate.zarr", name="plate", version="0.4")
+    assert plate.meta.version == "0.4"
+
+
+def test_derive_plate_version_deprecated(tmp_path: Path):
+    plate = create_empty_plate(
+        tmp_path / "plate.zarr", name="plate", ngff_version="0.5"
+    )
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="'version' argument"):
+        derived = plate.derive_plate(tmp_path / "derived.zarr", version="0.4")
+    assert derived.meta.version == "0.4"
+
+
+def test_create_empty_well_version_deprecated(tmp_path: Path):
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="'version' argument"):
+        well = create_empty_well(tmp_path / "well.zarr", version="0.4")
+    assert well.meta.version == "0.4"
+
+
+def test_get_well_returns_cached_instance(tmp_path: Path):
+    plate = create_empty_plate(tmp_path / "plate.zarr", name="plate", cache=True)
+    plate.add_well(row="A", column=1)
+
+    well_1 = plate.get_well(row="A", column=1)
+    well_2 = plate.get_well(row="A", column=1)
+    assert well_1 is well_2
diff --git a/tests/unit/hcs/test_well.py b/tests/unit/hcs/test_well.py
index 50a3a79f..f4ec8ad9 100644
--- a/tests/unit/hcs/test_well.py
+++ b/tests/unit/hcs/test_well.py
@@ -7,10 +7,9 @@
 from ngio.utils import NgioValueError
 
 
-def test_open_real_ome_zarr_well(cardiomyocyte_tiny_path: Path):
-    cardiomyocyte_tiny_path = cardiomyocyte_tiny_path
-    cardiomyocyte_tiny_path = cardiomyocyte_tiny_path / "B" / "03"
-    ome_zarr_well = open_ome_zarr_well(cardiomyocyte_tiny_path)
+def test_open_real_ome_zarr_well(cardiomyocyte_tiny_path_readonly: Path):
+    well_path = cardiomyocyte_tiny_path_readonly / "B" / "03"
+    ome_zarr_well = open_ome_zarr_well(well_path)
     assert isinstance(ome_zarr_well.__repr__(), str)
     assert ome_zarr_well.paths() == ["0"]
     assert ome_zarr_well.acquisition_ids == []
diff --git a/tests/unit/images/test_container_errors.py b/tests/unit/images/test_container_errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3d116a9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/images/test_container_errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+"""Coverage tests for error paths and deprecated shims in OmeZarrContainer."""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+import pytest
+from zarr.storage import MemoryStore
+
+from ngio import (
+    Roi,
+    create_empty_ome_zarr,
+    create_ome_zarr_from_array,
+    open_label,
+    open_ome_zarr_container,
+)
+from ngio.images import Label
+from ngio.ome_zarr_meta.ngio_specs import Channel
+from ngio.tables import ConditionTable, FeatureTable, MaskingRoiTable, RoiTable
+from ngio.utils import (
+    NgioDeprecationWarning,
+    NgioValidationError,
+    NgioValueError,
+)
+
+
+def _make_container(store=None, channels=("DAPI", "GFP")):
+    """Create a small multi-channel OME-Zarr container in memory."""
+    return create_empty_ome_zarr(
+        store if store is not None else MemoryStore(),
+        shape=(len(channels), 8, 8),
+        axes_names=("c", "y", "x"),
+        pixelsize=0.5,
+        levels=2,
+        channels_meta=list(channels),
+    )
+
+
+def _add_label(ome_zarr, name: str) -> None:
+    label = ome_zarr.derive_label(name)
+    data = np.zeros((8, 8), dtype=np.uint32)
+    data[:4, :4] = 1
+    label.set_array(data)
+    label.consolidate()
+
+
+def test_repr_few_labels_and_tables():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    _add_label(ome_zarr, "lbl1")
+    ome_zarr.add_table("t1", ome_zarr.build_image_roi_table())
+
+    repr_str = repr(ome_zarr)
+    assert "labels=['lbl1']" in repr_str
+    assert "tables=['t1']" in repr_str
+
+
+def test_repr_many_labels_and_tables():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    for name in ["lbl1", "lbl2", "lbl3"]:
+        ome_zarr.derive_label(name)
+    for name in ["t1", "t2", "t3"]:
+        ome_zarr.add_table(name, ome_zarr.build_image_roi_table())
+
+    repr_str = repr(ome_zarr)
+    assert "#labels=3" in repr_str
+    assert "#tables=3" in repr_str
+
+
+def test_deprecated_image_meta_property():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="image_meta"):
+        meta = ome_zarr.image_meta
+    assert meta.paths == ome_zarr.meta.paths
+
+
+def test_deprecated_levels_paths_property():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="levels_paths"):
+        paths = ome_zarr.levels_paths
+    assert paths == ome_zarr.level_paths
+
+
+def test_axes_setup_property():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    assert ome_zarr.axes_setup == ome_zarr.images_container.axes_setup
+
+
+def test_deprecated_set_channel_percentiles():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="set_channel_percentiles"):
+        ome_zarr.set_channel_percentiles(start_percentile=1.0, end_percentile=99.0)
+
+
+def test_set_axes_units_updates_labels():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    _add_label(ome_zarr, "lbl1")
+    ome_zarr.set_axes_units(space_unit="micrometer", set_labels=True)
+    assert ome_zarr.space_unit == "micrometer"
+    assert ome_zarr.get_label("lbl1").space_unit == "micrometer"
+
+
+def test_tables_container_raises_on_readonly_without_tables(tmp_path: Path):
+    store = tmp_path / "no_tables.zarr"
+    create_empty_ome_zarr(store, shape=(8, 8), pixelsize=0.5, levels=2)
+    ome_zarr = open_ome_zarr_container(store, mode="r")
+
+    assert ome_zarr.list_tables() == []
+    assert ome_zarr.list_labels() == []
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValidationError, match="No tables found"):
+        _ = ome_zarr.tables_container
+
+
+def test_get_masked_image_without_names_raises():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="Neither masking_label_name"):
+        ome_zarr.get_masked_image()
+
+
+def test_get_masked_image_table_without_reference_label():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    _add_label(ome_zarr, "lbl1")
+    roi = Roi.from_values(slices={"y": (0.0, 2.0), "x": (0.0, 2.0)}, name="1", label=1)
+    table = MaskingRoiTable(rois=[roi])
+    ome_zarr.add_table("no_ref", table)
+
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="does not have a reference"):
+        ome_zarr.get_masked_image(masking_table_name="no_ref")
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def container_with_tables():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    ome_zarr.add_table("roi", ome_zarr.build_image_roi_table())
+    feature = FeatureTable(pd.DataFrame({"label": [1, 2], "feat": [0.1, 0.2]}))
+    ome_zarr.add_table("feat", feature)
+    condition = ConditionTable(table_data=pd.DataFrame({"condition": ["a", "b"]}))
+    ome_zarr.add_table("cond", condition)
+    return ome_zarr
+
+
+def test_get_roi_table_wrong_type(container_with_tables):
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="is not a ROI table"):
+        container_with_tables.get_roi_table("feat")
+
+
+def test_get_masking_roi_table_wrong_type(container_with_tables):
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="is not a masking ROI table"):
+        container_with_tables.get_masking_roi_table("roi")
+
+
+def test_get_feature_table(container_with_tables):
+    table = container_with_tables.get_feature_table("feat")
+    assert isinstance(table, FeatureTable)
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="is not a feature table"):
+        container_with_tables.get_feature_table("roi")
+
+
+def test_get_generic_roi_table_wrong_type(container_with_tables):
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="is not a generic ROI table"):
+        container_with_tables.get_generic_roi_table("feat")
+
+
+def test_get_condition_table(container_with_tables):
+    table = container_with_tables.get_condition_table("cond")
+    assert isinstance(table, ConditionTable)
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="is not a condition table"):
+        container_with_tables.get_condition_table("roi")
+
+
+def test_get_table_check_type_deprecated(container_with_tables):
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="check_type"):
+        table = container_with_tables.get_table("roi", check_type="roi_table")
+    assert isinstance(table, RoiTable)
+
+
+def test_get_table_as(container_with_tables):
+    table = container_with_tables.get_table_as("roi", RoiTable)
+    assert isinstance(table, RoiTable)
+
+
+def test_build_masking_roi_table_from_label():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    _add_label(ome_zarr, "lbl1")
+    table = ome_zarr.build_masking_roi_table("lbl1")
+    assert isinstance(table, MaskingRoiTable)
+    assert len(table.rois()) == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "zarr_key", ["v04/test_image_yx.zarr", "v05/test_image_yx.zarr"]
+)
+def test_open_label(images_all_versions_readonly: dict[str, Path], zarr_key: str):
+    path = images_all_versions_readonly[zarr_key]
+
+    # Open a label group directly (name=None branch)
+    label = open_label(path / "labels" / "label", mode="r")
+    assert isinstance(label, Label)
+
+    # Open through the labels container (name provided branch)
+    label_by_name = open_label(path / "labels", name="label", mode="r")
+    assert isinstance(label_by_name, Label)
+    assert label_by_name.path == label.path
+    assert label_by_name.shape == label.shape
+
+
+def test_create_empty_deprecated_xy_pixelsize():
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="xy_pixelsize"):
+        ome_zarr = create_empty_ome_zarr(
+            MemoryStore(), shape=(8, 8), xy_pixelsize=0.5, levels=2
+        )
+    assert ome_zarr.get_image().pixel_size.x == 0.5
+
+
+def test_create_empty_deprecated_scaling_factors_2d():
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="xy_scaling_factor"):
+        ome_zarr = create_empty_ome_zarr(
+            MemoryStore(),
+            shape=(16, 16),
+            pixelsize=0.5,
+            xy_scaling_factor=2.0,
+            levels=2,
+        )
+    assert ome_zarr.levels == 2
+    assert ome_zarr.get_image(path="1").shape == (8, 8)
+
+
+def test_create_empty_deprecated_scaling_factors_3d():
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="z_scaling_factor"):
+        ome_zarr = create_empty_ome_zarr(
+            MemoryStore(),
+            shape=(4, 16, 16),
+            pixelsize=0.5,
+            z_scaling_factor=1.0,
+            levels=2,
+        )
+    assert ome_zarr.get_image(path="1").shape == (4, 8, 8)
+
+
+def test_create_empty_deprecated_channel_args():
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning):
+        ome_zarr = create_empty_ome_zarr(
+            MemoryStore(),
+            shape=(2, 8, 8),
+            axes_names=("c", "y", "x"),
+            pixelsize=0.5,
+            levels=2,
+            channel_labels=["ch_a", "ch_b"],
+            channel_wavelengths=["w1", "w2"],
+            channel_colors=["FF0000", "00FF00"],
+            channel_active=[True, False],
+        )
+    assert ome_zarr.channel_labels == ["ch_a", "ch_b"]
+    assert ome_zarr.wavelength_ids == ["w1", "w2"]
+
+
+def test_create_empty_requires_pixelsize():
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="pixelsize must be provided"):
+        create_empty_ome_zarr(MemoryStore(), shape=(8, 8), levels=2)
+
+
+def test_create_from_array_bad_percentiles():
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="tuple of two values"):
+        create_ome_zarr_from_array(
+            MemoryStore(),
+            array=np.zeros((8, 8), dtype=np.uint16),
+            pixelsize=0.5,
+            levels=2,
+            percentiles=(1.0, 50.0, 99.0),  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
+        )
+
+
+def test_create_empty_with_channel_objects():
+    channels = [
+        Channel.default_init(label="DAPI", wavelength_id="A01_C01"),
+        Channel.default_init(label="GFP", wavelength_id="A02_C02"),
+    ]
+    ome_zarr = _make_container(channels=channels)
+    assert ome_zarr.wavelength_ids == ["A01_C01", "A02_C02"]
+
+
+def test_labels_missing_on_read_only_container(tmp_path: Path):
+    from ngio.utils import NgioValidationError
+
+    store = tmp_path / "img.zarr"
+    create_empty_ome_zarr(store=store, shape=(16, 16), pixelsize=1.0)
+    container = open_ome_zarr_container(store, mode="r")
+
+    # a read-only container without a labels group degrades gracefully
+    assert container.list_labels() == []
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValidationError):
+        _ = container.labels_container
diff --git a/tests/unit/images/test_create.py b/tests/unit/images/test_create.py
index e8ca11d0..b16ba1b4 100644
--- a/tests/unit/images/test_create.py
+++ b/tests/unit/images/test_create.py
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ def test_create_with_sharding(tmp_path: Path):
     assert img.zarr_array.shards == (4, 3, 16, 16)
 
 
-def test_fail_derive_singleton():
+def test_pyramid_clamps_singleton_dimensions():
     store = MemoryStore()
     ome_zarr = create_empty_ome_zarr(store=store, shape=(1, 1, 64, 4), pixelsize=0.5)
     expected_shapes = [
@@ -296,23 +296,33 @@ def test_fail_create_from_non_decreasing_shapes():
         )
 
 
-def derive_from_legacy_images(tmp_path: Path):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("ngff_version", ["0.4", "0.5"])
+def test_derive_from_legacy_images(tmp_path: Path, ngff_version: str):
     store = tmp_path / "test_image_legacy.zarr"
     ome_zarr = create_empty_ome_zarr(
-        store=store, shape=(4, 3, 127, 128), pixelsize=1.0, overwrite=True
+        store=store,
+        shape=(4, 3, 127, 128),
+        pixelsize=1.0,
+        overwrite=True,
+        ngff_version=ngff_version,
     )
 
     # Simulate legacy multiscale were the scaling factors did not
     # take into account rounding issues when downsampling
-    attrs_path = tmp_path / "test_image_legacy.zarr" / "zarr.json"
+    if ngff_version == "0.4":
+        attrs_path = store / ".zattrs"
+    else:
+        attrs_path = store / "zarr.json"
     with open(attrs_path) as f:
         json_dict = json.load(f)
-    datasets = json_dict["attributes"]["ome"]["multiscales"][0]["datasets"]
+    if ngff_version == "0.4":
+        datasets = json_dict["multiscales"][0]["datasets"]
+    else:
+        datasets = json_dict["attributes"]["ome"]["multiscales"][0]["datasets"]
     scale_0 = [1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0]
     for i in range(len(datasets)):
         datasets[i]["coordinateTransformations"][0]["scale"] = scale_0
         scale_0 = [1.0, 1.0, scale_0[2] * 2, scale_0[3] * 2]
-    json_dict["attributes"]["ome"]["multiscales"][0]["datasets"] = datasets
     with open(attrs_path, "w") as f:
         json.dump(json_dict, f, indent=4)
 
@@ -324,10 +334,35 @@ def derive_from_legacy_images(tmp_path: Path):
         label_scale_yx = label.dataset.scale[-2:]
         assert scale_yx == label_scale_yx
 
-    # Test 2 derive label from level 1
+    # Test 2 derive label from level 1: label level i matches image level i+1
     image_1 = ome_zarr.get_image(path="1")
     ome_zarr.derive_label(name="my_label_level_1", ref_image=image_1)
-    for path_img, path_lbl in zip(["0", "1", "2"], ["1", "2", "3"], strict=True):
+    for path_img, path_lbl in zip(["1", "2", "3"], ["0", "1", "2"], strict=True):
         img = ome_zarr.get_image(path=path_img)
         lbl = ome_zarr.get_label(name="my_label_level_1", path=path_lbl)
-        assert img.shape == lbl.shape
+        assert img.shape[-2:] == lbl.shape[-2:]
+
+
+def test_deprecated_scaling_factors_order():
+    from ngio.images._create_utils import _check_deprecated_scaling_factors
+    from ngio.utils import NgioDeprecationWarning
+
+    # canonical axes order is (..., z, y, x)
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning):
+        factors = _check_deprecated_scaling_factors(
+            yx_scaling_factor=(2.0, 4.0),
+            z_scaling_factor=None,
+            scaling_factors="auto",
+            shape=(1, 4, 64, 64),
+        )
+    assert factors == (1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0)
+
+    # 2D shape: factors must be trimmed to (y, x)
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning):
+        factors = _check_deprecated_scaling_factors(
+            yx_scaling_factor=(2.0, 4.0),
+            z_scaling_factor=None,
+            scaling_factors="auto",
+            shape=(64, 64),
+        )
+    assert factors == (2.0, 4.0)
diff --git a/tests/unit/images/test_image_api.py b/tests/unit/images/test_image_api.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9425dcc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/images/test_image_api.py
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+"""Coverage tests for channel metadata and channel selection in ngio images."""
+
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from pydantic import ValidationError
+from zarr.storage import MemoryStore
+
+from ngio import create_empty_ome_zarr
+from ngio.images import ChannelSelectionModel
+from ngio.ome_zarr_meta.ngio_specs import Channel
+from ngio.utils import NgioDeprecationWarning, NgioValueError
+
+
+def _make_container():
+    """Create a small two-channel OME-Zarr container in memory."""
+    channels = [
+        Channel.default_init(label="DAPI", wavelength_id="A01_C01"),
+        Channel.default_init(label="GFP", wavelength_id="A02_C02"),
+    ]
+    return create_empty_ome_zarr(
+        MemoryStore(),
+        shape=(2, 8, 8),
+        axes_names=("c", "y", "x"),
+        pixelsize=0.5,
+        levels=2,
+        channels_meta=channels,
+    )
+
+
+def test_channel_selection_model_index_must_be_int():
+    with pytest.raises(ValidationError, match="must be an integer"):
+        ChannelSelectionModel(mode="index", identifier="not_an_int")
+
+
+def test_images_container_levels_paths_deprecated():
+    container = _make_container().images_container
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="levels_paths"):
+        paths = container.levels_paths
+    assert paths == container.level_paths
+
+
+def test_set_channel_meta_default_init():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    ome_zarr.set_channel_meta()
+    assert ome_zarr.channel_labels == ["channel_0", "channel_1"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "kwargs, match",
+    [
+        ({"start": [0.0, 0.0]}, "end must be provided"),
+        ({"end": [1.0, 1.0]}, "start must be provided"),
+        (
+            {
+                "start": [0.0, 0.0],
+                "end": [1.0, 1.0],
+                "percentiles": (0.1, 99.9),
+            },
+            "percentiles must be None",
+        ),
+        ({"start": [0.0], "end": [1.0, 2.0]}, "same length"),
+        ({"start": [0.0], "end": [1.0]}, "number of channels"),
+    ],
+)
+def test_set_channel_meta_legacy_errors(kwargs, match):
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    with (
+        pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="deprecated"),
+        pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match=match),
+    ):
+        ome_zarr.set_channel_meta(**kwargs)
+
+
+def test_set_channel_meta_legacy_start_end():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="deprecated"):
+        ome_zarr.set_channel_meta(
+            labels=["c1", "c2"], start=[0.0, 5.0], end=[10.0, 20.0]
+        )
+    assert ome_zarr.channel_labels == ["c1", "c2"]
+    channels = ome_zarr.images_container.channels_meta.channels
+    assert channels[0].channel_visualisation.start == 0.0
+    assert channels[0].channel_visualisation.end == 10.0
+    assert channels[1].channel_visualisation.start == 5.0
+    assert channels[1].channel_visualisation.end == 20.0
+
+
+def test_set_channel_meta_legacy_percentiles():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="deprecated"):
+        ome_zarr.set_channel_meta(percentiles=(0.1, 99.9))
+    assert ome_zarr.num_channels == 2
+
+
+def test_set_channel_labels_wrong_length():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="number of labels"):
+        ome_zarr.set_channel_labels(["only_one"])
+
+
+def test_set_channel_colors_wrong_length():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="number of colors"):
+        ome_zarr.set_channel_colors(["FF0000"])
+
+
+def test_images_container_set_channel_percentiles_deprecated():
+    container = _make_container().images_container
+    with pytest.warns(NgioDeprecationWarning, match="set_channel_percentiles"):
+        container.set_channel_percentiles(start_percentile=1.0, end_percentile=99.0)
+
+
+def test_set_channel_windows_wrong_lengths():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="start-end pairs"):
+        ome_zarr.set_channel_windows(starts_ends=[(0.0, 1.0)])
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="min-max pairs"):
+        ome_zarr.set_channel_windows(
+            starts_ends=[(0.0, 1.0), (0.0, 1.0)], min_max=[(0.0, 1.0)]
+        )
+
+
+def test_percentiles_input_validation():
+    ome_zarr = _make_container()
+    # Tuple with wrong number of entries
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="tuple of two floats"):
+        ome_zarr.set_channel_windows_with_percentiles(percentiles=(0.1, 50.0, 99.9))
+    # Tuple with non-float entries
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="tuple of two floats"):
+        ome_zarr.set_channel_windows_with_percentiles(percentiles=(1, 99))
+    # List with a length different from the number of channels
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="number of channels"):
+        ome_zarr.set_channel_windows_with_percentiles(percentiles=[(0.1, 99.9)])
+
+
+def test_channel_selection_negative_index():
+    image = _make_container().get_image()
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="non-negative"):
+        image.get_array(channel_selection=-1)
+
+
+def test_channel_selection_index_out_of_range():
+    image = _make_container().get_image()
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="less than the number"):
+        image.get_array(channel_selection=5)
+
+
+def test_channel_selection_by_wavelength_id():
+    image = _make_container().get_image()
+    selection = ChannelSelectionModel(mode="wavelength_id", identifier="A02_C02")
+    array = image.get_array(channel_selection=selection)
+    np.testing.assert_array_equal(array, image.get_array(c=1))
+
+
+def test_channel_selection_invalid_type_in_sequence():
+    image = _make_container().get_image()
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="Invalid channel selection"):
+        image.get_array(channel_selection=[0.5])
+
+
+def test_channel_selection_invalid_type():
+    image = _make_container().get_image()
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="Invalid channel selection"):
+        image.get_array(channel_selection=1.5)
+
+
+def test_channel_selection_ambiguous_with_c_kwarg():
+    image = _make_container().get_image()
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="ambiguous"):
+        image.get_array(channel_selection=0, c=0)
diff --git a/tests/unit/images/test_images.py b/tests/unit/images/test_images.py
index e106826d..a412e940 100644
--- a/tests/unit/images/test_images.py
+++ b/tests/unit/images/test_images.py
@@ -8,31 +8,8 @@
 from ngio.utils import NgioValueError
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "zarr_name",
-    [
-        "v04/test_image_yx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_cyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_zyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_czyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_c1yx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tcyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tzyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tczyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_yx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_cyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_zyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_czyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_c1yx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tcyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tzyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tczyx.zarr",
-    ],
-)
-def test_open_image(images_all_versions: dict[str, Path], zarr_name: str):
-    path = images_all_versions[zarr_name]
+def test_open_image(images_all_versions_readonly: dict[str, Path], zarr_name: str):
+    path = images_all_versions_readonly[zarr_name]
     image = open_image(path)
     assert isinstance(image, Image)
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/images/test_masked_images.py b/tests/unit/images/test_masked_images.py
index 517b995a..e18593da 100644
--- a/tests/unit/images/test_masked_images.py
+++ b/tests/unit/images/test_masked_images.py
@@ -248,10 +248,10 @@ def test_masking_oneoff_handling():
     ],
 )
 def test_real_mask(
-    cardiomyocyte_small_mip_path: Path, label, c, zoom_factor, expected_shape
+    cardiomyocyte_small_mip_image_path: Path, label, c, zoom_factor, expected_shape
 ):
     # Test on a real example
-    path = cardiomyocyte_small_mip_path / "B" / "03" / "0"
+    path = cardiomyocyte_small_mip_image_path
     ome_zarr = open_ome_zarr_container(path)
     masked_image = ome_zarr.get_masked_image("nuclei")
     image_data = masked_image.get_roi_masked_as_numpy(
diff --git a/tests/unit/images/test_omezarr_container.py b/tests/unit/images/test_omezarr_container.py
index 82b5314b..aef83216 100644
--- a/tests/unit/images/test_omezarr_container.py
+++ b/tests/unit/images/test_omezarr_container.py
@@ -44,31 +44,10 @@ def set_as_dask_transform(
         return array
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "zarr_name",
-    [
-        "v04/test_image_yx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_cyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_zyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_czyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_c1yx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tcyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tzyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tczyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_yx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_cyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_zyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_czyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_c1yx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tcyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tzyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tczyx.zarr",
-    ],
-)
-def test_open_ome_zarr_container(images_all_versions: dict[str, Path], zarr_name: str):
-    path = images_all_versions[zarr_name]
+def test_open_ome_zarr_container(
+    images_all_versions_readonly: dict[str, Path], zarr_name: str
+):
+    path = images_all_versions_readonly[zarr_name]
     ome_zarr = open_ome_zarr_container(path)
 
     whole_image_roi = ome_zarr.build_image_roi_table().get("image")
@@ -249,6 +228,7 @@ def test_create_ome_zarr_container(tmp_path: Path, array_mode: str):
     assert masked_label.shape == image.shape
 
 
+@pytest.mark.network
 def test_remote_ome_zarr_container():
     url = (
         "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/"
@@ -261,12 +241,6 @@ def test_remote_ome_zarr_container():
     ome_zarr = open_ome_zarr_container(store)
 
     assert ome_zarr.list_labels() == ["nuclei"]
-    # assert ome_zarr.list_tables() == [
-    #    "FOV_ROI_table",
-    #    "nuclei_ROI_table",
-    #    "well_ROI_table",
-    #    "regionprops_DAPI",
-    # ]
 
     _ = ome_zarr.get_label("nuclei", path="0")
     _ = ome_zarr.get_table("well_ROI_table").dataframe
diff --git a/tests/unit/images/test_table_ops.py b/tests/unit/images/test_table_ops.py
index a8c790da..26700a8a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/images/test_table_ops.py
+++ b/tests/unit/images/test_table_ops.py
@@ -33,9 +33,19 @@ def create_sample_ome_zarr(
     return ome_zarr_container
 
 
-def test_list_sync_api(tmp_path: Path):
+@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
+def sample_ome_zarrs(
+    tmp_path_factory: pytest.TempPathFactory,
+) -> tuple[OmeZarrContainer, OmeZarrContainer]:
+    """Two containers with tables, shared by all (read-only) tests here."""
+    tmp_path = tmp_path_factory.mktemp("table_ops")
     ome_zarr_1 = create_sample_ome_zarr(tmp_path, "test1", ["table1", "table2"])
     ome_zarr_2 = create_sample_ome_zarr(tmp_path, "test2", ["table1"])
+    return ome_zarr_1, ome_zarr_2
+
+
+def test_list_sync_api(sample_ome_zarrs):
+    ome_zarr_1, ome_zarr_2 = sample_ome_zarrs
 
     assert list_image_tables([ome_zarr_1, ome_zarr_2], mode="common") == ["table1"]
     assert list_image_tables([ome_zarr_1, ome_zarr_2], mode="all") == [
@@ -44,9 +54,8 @@ def test_list_sync_api(tmp_path: Path):
     ]
 
 
-def test_list_async_api(tmp_path: Path):
-    ome_zarr_1 = create_sample_ome_zarr(tmp_path, "test1", ["table1", "table2"])
-    ome_zarr_2 = create_sample_ome_zarr(tmp_path, "test2", ["table1"])
+def test_list_async_api(sample_ome_zarrs):
+    ome_zarr_1, ome_zarr_2 = sample_ome_zarrs
 
     assert asyncio.run(
         list_image_tables_async([ome_zarr_1, ome_zarr_2], mode="common")
@@ -69,10 +78,9 @@ def test_list_async_api(tmp_path: Path):
     ],
 )
 def test_cat_sync_api(
-    tmp_path: Path, table: str, mode: Literal["eager", "lazy"], strict: bool
+    sample_ome_zarrs, table: str, mode: Literal["eager", "lazy"], strict: bool
 ):
-    ome_zarr_1 = create_sample_ome_zarr(tmp_path, "test1", ["table1", "table2"])
-    ome_zarr_2 = create_sample_ome_zarr(tmp_path, "test2", ["table1"])
+    ome_zarr_1, ome_zarr_2 = sample_ome_zarrs
 
     extras1 = {"column1": "value1"}
     extras2 = {"column1": "value2"}
@@ -105,9 +113,8 @@ def test_cat_sync_api(
         assert df.shape == (6, 4), df.shape
 
 
-def test_cat_as_sync(tmp_path: Path):
-    ome_zarr_1 = create_sample_ome_zarr(tmp_path, "test1", ["table1", "table2"])
-    ome_zarr_2 = create_sample_ome_zarr(tmp_path, "test2", ["table1"])
+def test_cat_as_sync(sample_ome_zarrs):
+    ome_zarr_1, ome_zarr_2 = sample_ome_zarrs
 
     extras1 = {"column1": "value1"}
     extras2 = {"column1": "value2"}
@@ -122,9 +129,8 @@ def test_cat_as_sync(tmp_path: Path):
     assert isinstance(concatenated_table, GenericTable)
 
 
-def test_set_index(tmp_path: Path):
-    ome_zarr_1 = create_sample_ome_zarr(tmp_path, "test1", ["table1", "table2"])
-    ome_zarr_2 = create_sample_ome_zarr(tmp_path, "test2", ["table1"])
+def test_set_index(sample_ome_zarrs):
+    ome_zarr_1, ome_zarr_2 = sample_ome_zarrs
 
     extras1 = {"column1": "value1"}
     extras2 = {"column1": "value2"}
@@ -141,9 +147,8 @@ def test_set_index(tmp_path: Path):
     assert df.index.name == "Index"
 
 
-def test_cat_async_api(tmp_path: Path):
-    ome_zarr_1 = create_sample_ome_zarr(tmp_path, "test1", ["table1", "table2"])
-    ome_zarr_2 = create_sample_ome_zarr(tmp_path, "test2", ["table1"])
+def test_cat_async_api(sample_ome_zarrs):
+    ome_zarr_1, ome_zarr_2 = sample_ome_zarrs
 
     extras1 = {"column1": "value1"}
     extras2 = {"column1": "value2"}
@@ -171,3 +176,44 @@ def test_cat_async_api(tmp_path: Path):
         )
     )
     assert isinstance(concatenate_table, GenericTable)
+
+
+def test_cat_eager_lazy_index_parity(sample_ome_zarrs):
+    ome_zarr_1, ome_zarr_2 = sample_ome_zarrs
+
+    extras = [{"column1": "value1"}, {"column1": "value2"}]
+    eager_df = concatenate_image_tables_as(
+        [ome_zarr_1, ome_zarr_2],
+        extras=extras,
+        name="table1",
+        table_cls=GenericTable,
+        index_key="Index",
+        mode="eager",
+    ).dataframe
+    lazy_df = concatenate_image_tables_as(
+        [ome_zarr_1, ome_zarr_2],
+        extras=extras,
+        name="table1",
+        table_cls=GenericTable,
+        index_key="Index",
+        mode="lazy",
+    ).dataframe
+
+    assert eager_df.index.name == "Index"
+    assert lazy_df.index.name == "Index"
+    # every row must get a unique index derived from extras + original index
+    assert eager_df.index.is_unique
+    assert lazy_df.index.is_unique
+    assert sorted(eager_df.index) == sorted(lazy_df.index)
+
+    async_lazy_df = asyncio.run(
+        concatenate_image_tables_as_async(
+            [ome_zarr_1, ome_zarr_2],
+            extras=extras,
+            name="table1",
+            table_cls=GenericTable,
+            index_key="Index",
+            mode="lazy",
+        )
+    ).dataframe
+    assert sorted(async_lazy_df.index) == sorted(eager_df.index)
diff --git a/tests/unit/io_pipes/test_ops_errors.py b/tests/unit/io_pipes/test_ops_errors.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e61e4896
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/io_pipes/test_ops_errors.py
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from zarr.storage import MemoryStore
+
+from ngio import Roi, create_empty_ome_zarr
+from ngio.common import Dimensions
+from ngio.io_pipes._match_shape import numpy_match_shape
+from ngio.io_pipes._ops_slices import build_slicing_ops
+from ngio.io_pipes._zoom_transform import BaseZoomTransform
+from ngio.ome_zarr_meta import AxesHandler, Dataset
+from ngio.ome_zarr_meta.ngio_specs import AxesSetup, Axis
+from ngio.transforms import ZoomTransform
+from ngio.utils import NgioValueError
+
+
+def _make_dims(
+    axes: list[str],
+    shape: tuple[int, ...],
+    axes_setup: AxesSetup | None = None,
+) -> Dimensions:
+    axes_list = [Axis(name=name) for name in axes]
+    handler = AxesHandler(axes=axes_list, axes_setup=axes_setup)
+    dataset = Dataset(
+        path="0",
+        axes_handler=handler,
+        scale=[1.0] * len(axes_list),
+        translation=[0.0] * len(axes_list),
+    )
+    return Dimensions(shape=shape, chunks=shape, dataset=dataset)
+
+
+##############################################################
+# _match_shape.py: _check_axes error branches
+##############################################################
+
+
+def test_match_shape_array_axes_length_mismatch():
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="same number of dimensions"):
+        numpy_match_shape(
+            array=np.zeros((2, 2)),
+            reference_shape=(2, 2),
+            array_axes=["z", "y", "x"],
+            reference_axes=["y", "x"],
+        )
+
+
+def test_match_shape_reference_axes_length_mismatch():
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="same number of dimensions"):
+        numpy_match_shape(
+            array=np.zeros((2, 2)),
+            reference_shape=(2, 2, 2),
+            array_axes=["y", "x"],
+            reference_axes=["y", "x"],
+        )
+
+
+def test_match_shape_axes_not_subset():
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="not a subset"):
+        numpy_match_shape(
+            array=np.zeros((2, 2)),
+            reference_shape=(2, 2),
+            array_axes=["w", "x"],
+            reference_axes=["y", "x"],
+        )
+
+
+def test_match_shape_more_dims_than_reference():
+    # Duplicated axis names make the subset check pass while the array
+    # still has more dimensions than the reference
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="more dimensions"):
+        numpy_match_shape(
+            array=np.zeros((2, 2)),
+            reference_shape=(2,),
+            array_axes=["x", "x"],
+            reference_axes=["x"],
+        )
+
+
+##############################################################
+# _zoom_transform.py: _normalize_shape and dask set transform
+##############################################################
+
+
+def test_zoom_normalize_shape_branches():
+    dims = _make_dims(["y", "x"], (8, 8))
+    zoom = BaseZoomTransform(input_dimensions=dims, target_dimensions=dims)
+
+    # Integer slicing selects a single element regardless of the scale
+    assert zoom._normalize_shape(slice_=3, scale=2.0, max_dim=10) == 1
+    # Open-ended slice: the stop defaults to the axis size
+    assert zoom._normalize_shape(slice_=slice(2, None), scale=1.0, max_dim=10) == 8
+    # List slicing scales with the number of selected elements
+    assert zoom._normalize_shape(slice_=[0, 1, 2], scale=2.0, max_dim=10) == 6
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Unsupported slice type"):
+        zoom._normalize_shape(slice_="bad", scale=1.0, max_dim=10)  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
+
+
+def test_zoom_set_as_dask_transform():
+    target_img = create_empty_ome_zarr(
+        store=MemoryStore(),
+        shape=(100, 100),
+        axes_names="yx",
+        pixelsize=1.0,
+        levels=1,
+    ).get_image()
+    input_img = create_empty_ome_zarr(
+        store=MemoryStore(),
+        shape=(50, 50),
+        axes_names="yx",
+        pixelsize=2.0,
+        levels=1,
+    ).get_image()
+
+    zoom = ZoomTransform(input_image=input_img, target_image=target_img)
+    roi = Roi.from_values(name=None, slices={"x": (10, 30), "y": (10, 30)})
+
+    target_data = target_img.get_roi_as_dask(roi=roi)
+    rescaled = input_img.get_roi_as_dask(roi=roi, transforms=[zoom])
+    assert target_data.shape == rescaled.shape
+    # Setting a dask patch triggers the inverse (set) dask zoom transform
+    input_img.set_roi(roi=roi, patch=rescaled, transforms=[zoom])
+
+    # Same round trip with a numpy patch for the numpy set transform
+    rescaled_np = input_img.get_roi_as_numpy(roi=roi, transforms=[zoom])
+    assert target_data.shape == rescaled_np.shape
+    input_img.set_roi(roi=roi, patch=rescaled_np, transforms=[zoom])
+
+
+##############################################################
+# _ops_slices.py: error branches and slicing normalization
+##############################################################
+
+
+def test_slicing_int_out_of_bounds():
+    dims = _make_dims(["c", "y", "x"], (3, 8, 8))
+
+    ops = build_slicing_ops(dimensions=dims, slicing_dict={"y": 100})
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="out of bounds"):
+        _ = ops.normalized_slicing_tuple
+
+    ops = build_slicing_ops(dimensions=dims, slicing_dict={"y": -1})
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="out of bounds"):
+        _ = ops.normalized_slicing_tuple
+
+    # Out-of-bounds index inside a non-contiguous list selection
+    ops = build_slicing_ops(dimensions=dims, slicing_dict={"y": (0, 100)})
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="out of bounds"):
+        _ = ops.normalized_slicing_tuple
+
+
+def test_slicing_empty_sequence():
+    dims = _make_dims(["y", "x"], (8, 8))
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="empty sequences"):
+        build_slicing_ops(dimensions=dims, slicing_dict={"y": ()})
+
+
+def test_slicing_sequence_of_numpy_ints():
+    dims = _make_dims(["c", "y", "x"], (3, 8, 8))
+    # numpy integers are not `int` instances and must be coerced
+    ops = build_slicing_ops(
+        dimensions=dims,
+        slicing_dict={"c": (np.uint8(0), np.uint8(2))},  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
+    )
+    assert ops.slicing_tuple[0] == [0, 2]
+
+    # Contiguous numpy integers are converted to a slice
+    ops = build_slicing_ops(
+        dimensions=dims,
+        slicing_dict={"c": (np.uint8(0), np.uint8(1))},  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
+    )
+    assert ops.slicing_tuple[0] == slice(0, 2)
+
+
+def test_slicing_sequence_of_invalid_values():
+    dims = _make_dims(["y", "x"], (8, 8))
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="Invalid value"):
+        build_slicing_ops(dimensions=dims, slicing_dict={"y": ("a", "b")})  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
+
+
+def test_slicing_channel_selection_kept_on_multichannel():
+    dims = _make_dims(["c", "y", "x"], (3, 8, 8))
+    ops = build_slicing_ops(
+        dimensions=dims,
+        slicing_dict={"c": 0},
+        remove_channel_selection=True,
+    )
+    # Multi-channel images keep the channel selection
+    assert ops.slicing_tuple[0] == 0
+
+
+def test_slicing_channel_selection_removed_on_singleton():
+    dims = _make_dims(["c", "y", "x"], (1, 8, 8))
+    ops = build_slicing_ops(
+        dimensions=dims,
+        slicing_dict={"c": 0},
+        remove_channel_selection=True,
+    )
+    # Singleton channel axis: the channel selection is dropped
+    assert ops.slicing_tuple[0] == slice(None)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "slice_",
+    [
+        slice(0, None),
+        slice(None, 0),
+        [0],
+        None,
+        0,
+        slice(None),
+        slice(0, 1),
+    ],
+)
+def test_slicing_valid_virtual_axis(slice_):
+    dims = _make_dims(["y", "x"], (8, 8))
+    # "c" is not an on-disk axis, but trivial selections are allowed
+    ops = build_slicing_ops(dimensions=dims, slicing_dict={"c": slice_})
+    assert ops.slicing_tuple == (slice(None), slice(None))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("slice_", [5, slice(1, 3), [1], [0, 1]])
+def test_slicing_invalid_virtual_axis(slice_):
+    dims = _make_dims(["y", "x"], (8, 8))
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="Invalid axis selection"):
+        build_slicing_ops(dimensions=dims, slicing_dict={"c": slice_})
+
+
+def test_slicing_duplicate_axis():
+    # "channel" is the on-disk name for the canonical "c" axis, so both
+    # names resolve to the same axis
+    dims = _make_dims(
+        ["channel", "y", "x"],
+        (3, 8, 8),
+        axes_setup=AxesSetup(c="channel"),
+    )
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="Duplicate axis"):
+        build_slicing_ops(
+            dimensions=dims,
+            slicing_dict={"channel": 0, "c": 0},
+        )
+
+
+def test_slicing_explicit_none_value():
+    dims = _make_dims(["y", "x"], (8, 8))
+    ops = build_slicing_ops(dimensions=dims, slicing_dict={"y": None})
+    assert ops.slicing_tuple == (slice(None), slice(None))
+    # Querying an axis that is not on disk returns a full slice
+    assert ops.get("t") == slice(None)
+
+
+def test_slicing_invalid_value_type():
+    dims = _make_dims(["y", "x"], (8, 8))
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="Invalid slice definition"):
+        build_slicing_ops(dimensions=dims, slicing_dict={"y": 1.5})  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
+
+
+def test_negative_value_in_slicing_sequence_raises_ngio_error():
+    dims = _make_dims(["y", "x"], (10, 10))
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError):
+        build_slicing_ops(
+            dimensions=dims,
+            slicing_dict={"y": [-1, 0]},
+        )
diff --git a/tests/unit/io_pipes/test_slicing_ops.py b/tests/unit/io_pipes/test_slicing_ops.py
index 69a1061a..bd40a015 100644
--- a/tests/unit/io_pipes/test_slicing_ops.py
+++ b/tests/unit/io_pipes/test_slicing_ops.py
@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@
     set_slice_as_dask,
     set_slice_as_numpy,
 )
-from ngio.io_pipes._ops_slices_utils import check_if_regions_overlap
+from ngio.io_pipes._ops_slices_utils import (
+    check_elem_intersection,
+    check_if_regions_overlap,
+)
 from ngio.ome_zarr_meta import AxesHandler, Dataset
 from ngio.ome_zarr_meta.ngio_specs import Axis
 
@@ -110,3 +113,10 @@ def test_chunk_slice():
     assert check_if_regions_overlap(
         [slicing_ops1.normalized_slicing_tuple, slicing_ops2.normalized_slicing_tuple]
     )
+
+
+def test_check_elem_intersection_step_not_implemented():
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+        check_elem_intersection(slice(0, 5, 2), slice(1, 3))
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+        check_elem_intersection(slice(1, 3), slice(0, 5, 2))
diff --git a/tests/unit/iterators/test_feature_iterator.py b/tests/unit/iterators/test_feature_iterator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dc2c99aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/iterators/test_feature_iterator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+import dask.array as da
+import numpy as np
+from zarr.storage import MemoryStore
+
+from ngio import create_ome_zarr_from_array
+from ngio.experimental.iterators import FeatureExtractorIterator
+
+
+def _build_iterator() -> FeatureExtractorIterator:
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(0)
+    array = rng.integers(0, 255, size=(2, 16, 16)).astype("uint8")
+    ome_zarr = create_ome_zarr_from_array(
+        store=MemoryStore(),
+        array=array,
+        pixelsize=1.0,
+        axes_names="cyx",
+        levels=1,
+    )
+    label = ome_zarr.derive_label(name="label")
+    image = ome_zarr.get_image()
+    iterator = FeatureExtractorIterator(
+        input_image=image,
+        input_label=label,
+        channel_selection=0,
+        axes_order="yx",
+    )
+    return iterator.by_yx()
+
+
+def test_feature_iterator_numpy():
+    iterator = _build_iterator()
+
+    n_items = 0
+    for data, seg, roi in iterator.iter_as_numpy():
+        assert isinstance(data, np.ndarray)
+        assert isinstance(seg, np.ndarray)
+        assert data.shape == seg.shape
+        assert roi is not None
+        n_items += 1
+    assert n_items == len(iterator.rois)
+
+    # Lazy iteration yields the getter objects with image/label properties
+    for getter in iterator.iter(lazy=True, data_mode="numpy", iterator_mode="readonly"):
+        assert isinstance(getter.image, np.ndarray)  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
+        assert isinstance(getter.label, np.ndarray)  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
+        assert getter.image.shape == getter.label.shape  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
+
+
+def test_feature_iterator_dask():
+    iterator = _build_iterator()
+
+    n_items = 0
+    for data, seg, roi in iterator.iter_as_dask():
+        assert isinstance(data, da.Array)
+        assert isinstance(seg, da.Array)
+        assert data.shape == seg.shape
+        assert roi is not None
+        n_items += 1
+    assert n_items == len(iterator.rois)
+
+    # Lazy iteration yields the getter objects with image/label properties
+    for getter in iterator.iter(lazy=True, data_mode="dask", iterator_mode="readonly"):
+        assert isinstance(getter.image, da.Array)  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
+        assert isinstance(getter.label, da.Array)  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
+        assert getter.image.shape == getter.label.shape  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
+
+
+def test_feature_iterator_is_readonly():
+    iterator = _build_iterator()
+
+    # The feature extractor is a read-only iterator: no setters are built
+    roi = iterator.rois[0]
+    assert iterator.build_numpy_setter(roi) is None
+    assert iterator.build_dask_setter(roi) is None
+    assert iterator.post_consolidate() is None
diff --git a/tests/unit/iterators/test_iterators.py b/tests/unit/iterators/test_iterators.py
index c21e8bb4..1ea63639 100644
--- a/tests/unit/iterators/test_iterators.py
+++ b/tests/unit/iterators/test_iterators.py
@@ -14,33 +14,22 @@
 )
 from ngio.utils import NgioValueError
 
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "zarr_name",
-    [
-        "v04/test_image_yx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_cyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_zyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_czyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_c1yx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tcyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tzyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tczyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_yx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_cyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_zyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_czyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_c1yx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tcyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tzyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tczyx.zarr",
-    ],
-)
-def test_segmentation_iterator(images_all_versions: dict[str, Path], zarr_name: str):
+# The iterators run through the version-agnostic container API, so the
+# expensive write tests cover the full axes matrix on v05 only, plus a v04
+# smoke subset; the full v04 write path is monitored by creation/store tests.
+WRITER_ZARR_NAMES = [
+    f"v05/test_image_{axes}.zarr"
+    for axes in ("yx", "cyx", "zyx", "czyx", "c1yx", "tyx", "tcyx", "tzyx", "tczyx")
+] + [
+    "v04/test_image_yx.zarr",
+    "v04/test_image_tczyx.zarr",
+]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("zarr_name", WRITER_ZARR_NAMES)
+def test_segmentation_iterator(single_image_copy: Path):
     # Base test only the API, not the actual segmentation logic
-    path = images_all_versions[zarr_name]
+    path = single_image_copy
     ome_zarr = open_ome_zarr_container(path)
     image = ome_zarr.get_image()
     label = ome_zarr.get_label("label")
@@ -75,34 +64,10 @@ def test_segmentation_iterator(images_all_versions: dict[str, Path], zarr_name:
     iterator.map_as_dask(lambda x: da.zeros_like(x, dtype=np.uint8))
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "zarr_name",
-    [
-        "v04/test_image_yx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_cyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_zyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_czyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_c1yx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tcyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tzyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tczyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_yx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_cyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_zyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_czyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_c1yx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tcyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tzyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tczyx.zarr",
-    ],
-)
-def test_masked_segmentation_iterator(
-    images_all_versions: dict[str, Path], zarr_name: str
-):
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("zarr_name", WRITER_ZARR_NAMES)
+def test_masked_segmentation_iterator(single_image_copy: Path):
     # Base test only the API, not the actual segmentation logic
-    path = images_all_versions[zarr_name]
+    path = single_image_copy
     ome_zarr = open_ome_zarr_container(path)
 
     masked_label = ome_zarr.derive_label("masking_label")
@@ -134,32 +99,11 @@ def test_masked_segmentation_iterator(
     iterator.map_as_dask(lambda x: da.zeros_like(x, dtype=np.uint8))
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "zarr_name",
-    [
-        "v04/test_image_yx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_cyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_zyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_czyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_c1yx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tcyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tzyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tczyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_yx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_cyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_zyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_czyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_c1yx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tcyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tzyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tczyx.zarr",
-    ],
-)
-def test_img_processing_iterator(images_all_versions: dict[str, Path], zarr_name: str):
+def test_img_processing_iterator(
+    images_all_versions_readonly: dict[str, Path], zarr_name: str
+):
     # Base test only the API, not the actual segmentation logic
-    path = images_all_versions[zarr_name]
+    path = images_all_versions_readonly[zarr_name]
     ome_zarr = open_ome_zarr_container(path)
     image = ome_zarr.get_image()
     t_ome_zarr = ome_zarr.derive_image(store=MemoryStore())
@@ -189,32 +133,11 @@ def test_img_processing_iterator(images_all_versions: dict[str, Path], zarr_name
     iterator.map_as_dask(lambda x: da.zeros_like(x, dtype=np.uint8))
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "zarr_name",
-    [
-        "v04/test_image_yx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_cyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_zyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_czyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_c1yx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tcyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tzyx.zarr",
-        "v04/test_image_tczyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_yx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_cyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_zyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_czyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_c1yx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tcyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tzyx.zarr",
-        "v05/test_image_tczyx.zarr",
-    ],
-)
-def test_features_iterator(images_all_versions: dict[str, Path], zarr_name: str):
+def test_features_iterator(
+    images_all_versions_readonly: dict[str, Path], zarr_name: str
+):
     # Base test only the API, not the actual segmentation logic
-    path = images_all_versions[zarr_name]
+    path = images_all_versions_readonly[zarr_name]
     ome_zarr = open_ome_zarr_container(path)
 
     image = ome_zarr.get_image()
diff --git a/tests/unit/iterators/test_rois_utils.py b/tests/unit/iterators/test_rois_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de826eea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/iterators/test_rois_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from zarr.storage import MemoryStore
+
+from ngio import Roi, create_ome_zarr_from_array
+from ngio.experimental.iterators._rois_utils import by_chunks, grid
+from ngio.utils import NgioValueError
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def sample_image():
+    container = create_ome_zarr_from_array(
+        store=MemoryStore(),
+        array=np.zeros((64, 64), dtype="uint8"),
+        pixelsize=1.0,
+        axes_names=["y", "x"],
+        levels=1,
+    )
+    return container.get_image()
+
+
+def full_image_roi() -> Roi:
+    return Roi.from_values(
+        name="image", slices={"x": (0, 64), "y": (0, 64)}, space="world"
+    )
+
+
+def test_grid_rois_have_unique_names(sample_image):
+    tiles = grid(
+        rois=[full_image_roi()],
+        ref_image=sample_image,
+        size_x=32,
+        size_y=32,
+    )
+    assert len(tiles) == 4
+    names = [tile.name for tile in tiles]
+    assert len(set(names)) == len(names)
+
+
+def test_by_chunks_overlap_equal_to_chunk_size_raises(sample_image):
+    chunk_x = sample_image.chunks[-1]
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError):
+        by_chunks(
+            rois=[full_image_roi()],
+            ref_image=sample_image,
+            overlap_xy=chunk_x,
+        )
diff --git a/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_meta_autodetect.py b/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_meta_autodetect.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..98c37fd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_meta_autodetect.py
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+"""Guard the version-autodetect trial-decode loop in _meta_handlers.
+
+get_ngio_meta with version=None tries every registered decoder and returns
+the first that succeeds. This is only safe while the v0.4 and v0.5 decoders
+are mutually exclusive: each must reject the other version's attributes.
+"""
+
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from zarr.storage import MemoryStore
+
+from ngio import create_empty_plate, create_ome_zarr_from_array
+from ngio.hcs import create_empty_well
+from ngio.ome_zarr_meta._meta_handlers import (
+    _image_decoder_registry,
+    _plate_decoder_registry,
+    _well_decoder_registry,
+)
+from ngio.utils import ZarrGroupHandler
+
+
+def _image_attrs(version: str) -> dict:
+    store = MemoryStore()
+    create_ome_zarr_from_array(
+        store=store,
+        array=np.zeros((16, 16), dtype="uint8"),
+        pixelsize=1.0,
+        axes_names=["y", "x"],
+        levels=1,
+        ngff_version=version,
+    )
+    return ZarrGroupHandler(store=store, mode="r").load_attrs()
+
+
+def _plate_attrs(version: str) -> dict:
+    store = MemoryStore()
+    create_empty_plate(store=store, name="plate", ngff_version=version)
+    return ZarrGroupHandler(store=store, mode="r").load_attrs()
+
+
+def _well_attrs(version: str) -> dict:
+    store = MemoryStore()
+    create_empty_well(store=store, ngff_version=version)
+    return ZarrGroupHandler(store=store, mode="r").load_attrs()
+
+
+def _assert_rejected(decoder, attrs, **kwargs):
+    """Assert that a decoder refuses the given attrs.
+
+    The autodetect loop treats any exception as "not this version", so the
+    exact exception type is deliberately not part of the contract.
+    """
+    try:
+        decoder(attrs, **kwargs)
+    except Exception:
+        return
+    pytest.fail("decoder unexpectedly accepted attrs of another version")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("attrs_version", ["0.4", "0.5"])
+def test_image_decoders_are_version_exclusive(attrs_version):
+    attrs = _image_attrs(attrs_version)
+    for decoder_version, decoder in _image_decoder_registry.items():
+        if decoder_version == attrs_version:
+            meta = decoder(attrs, axes_setup=None)
+            assert meta.version == attrs_version
+        else:
+            _assert_rejected(decoder, attrs, axes_setup=None)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("attrs_version", ["0.4", "0.5"])
+def test_plate_decoders_are_version_exclusive(attrs_version):
+    attrs = _plate_attrs(attrs_version)
+    for decoder_version, decoder in _plate_decoder_registry.items():
+        if decoder_version == attrs_version:
+            assert decoder(attrs).version == attrs_version
+        else:
+            _assert_rejected(decoder, attrs)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("attrs_version", ["0.4", "0.5"])
+def test_well_decoders_are_version_exclusive(attrs_version):
+    attrs = _well_attrs(attrs_version)
+    for decoder_version, decoder in _well_decoder_registry.items():
+        if decoder_version == attrs_version:
+            assert decoder(attrs).version == attrs_version
+        else:
+            _assert_rejected(decoder, attrs)
diff --git a/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_ngio_hcs_specs.py b/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_ngio_hcs_specs.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25cbf740
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_ngio_hcs_specs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+"""Unit tests for the plate/well metadata models in ngio_specs._ngio_hcs.
+
+These focus on the functional API contract: add/remove operations must
+return an updated copy and leave the receiver untouched.
+"""
+
+from ngio.ome_zarr_meta.ngio_specs import NgioPlateMeta, NgioWellMeta
+
+
+def test_well_add_image_does_not_mutate_receiver():
+    well = NgioWellMeta.default_init()
+    well2 = well.add_image(path="0")
+
+    assert well.paths() == []
+    assert well2.paths() == ["0"]
+
+
+def test_well_remove_image_does_not_mutate_receiver():
+    well = NgioWellMeta.default_init().add_image(path="0").add_image(path="1")
+    well2 = well.remove_image(path="0")
+
+    assert well.paths() == ["0", "1"]
+    assert well2.paths() == ["1"]
+
+
+def test_plate_add_well_does_not_mutate_receiver():
+    plate = NgioPlateMeta.default_init()
+    plate2 = plate.add_well(row="A", column=1)
+
+    assert plate.wells_paths == []
+    assert plate2.wells_paths == ["A/01"]
+
+
+def test_plate_add_well_existing_row_column_does_not_mutate_receiver():
+    # Removing a well keeps its row/column, so re-adding takes the
+    # short-circuit path in add_row/add_column.
+    plate = NgioPlateMeta.default_init().add_well(row="A", column=1)
+    plate_empty = plate.remove_well(row="A", column=1)
+
+    assert plate.wells_paths == ["A/01"]
+    assert plate_empty.wells_paths == []
+
+    plate_again = plate_empty.add_well(row="A", column=1)
+    assert plate_empty.wells_paths == []
+    assert plate_again.wells_paths == ["A/01"]
+
+
+def test_plate_add_acquisition_does_not_mutate_receiver():
+    plate = NgioPlateMeta.default_init().add_acquisition(acquisition_id=0)
+    plate2 = plate.add_acquisition(acquisition_id=1)
+
+    assert plate.acquisition_ids == [0]
+    assert plate2.acquisition_ids == [0, 1]
+
+
+def test_plate_remove_well_does_not_mutate_receiver():
+    plate = NgioPlateMeta.default_init().add_well(row="A", column=1)
+    plate2 = plate.remove_well(row="A", column=1)
+
+    assert plate.wells_paths == ["A/01"]
+    assert plate2.wells_paths == []
diff --git a/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_unit_ngio_specs.py b/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_unit_ngio_specs.py
index cb27a4e1..600ee0b7 100644
--- a/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_unit_ngio_specs.py
+++ b/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_unit_ngio_specs.py
@@ -458,3 +458,42 @@ def test_channels_label_meta():
         scale = [s * f for s, f in zip(scale, [1, 1, 1, 2, 2], strict=True)]
 
     _ = NgioLabelMeta(version="0.4", name="test", datasets=datasets)
+
+
+def test_pixel_size_eq_with_non_pixel_size():
+    ps = PixelSize(x=1.0, y=1.0, z=1.0)
+    assert ps != "not a pixel size"
+    assert ps != None  # noqa: E711
+    assert ps not in [1, "a", None]
+
+
+def test_pixel_size_eq_time_unit_symmetry():
+    ps_no_time = PixelSize(x=1.0, y=1.0, z=1.0, time_unit=None)
+    ps_time = PixelSize(x=1.0, y=1.0, z=1.0, time_unit=DefaultTimeUnit)
+
+    assert (ps_no_time == ps_time) == (ps_time == ps_no_time)
+    assert ps_time != ps_no_time
+
+
+def test_axes_setup_from_ordered_list():
+    canonical = ("t", "c", "z", "y", "x")
+
+    setup = AxesSetup.from_ordered_list(["z", "y", "x"], canonical)
+    assert (setup.z, setup.y, setup.x) == ("z", "y", "x")
+
+    # all non-canonical: right-aligned slot assignment
+    setup = AxesSetup.from_ordered_list(["a", "b"], canonical)
+    assert setup.x == "b"
+    assert setup.y == "a"
+
+    # non-canonical name to the left of the canonical ones
+    setup = AxesSetup.from_ordered_list(["custom", "z", "y", "x"], canonical)
+    assert (setup.z, setup.y, setup.x) == ("z", "y", "x")
+    assert setup.c == "custom"
+
+    # canonical name to the left of a non-canonical one: the custom axis
+    # must not be silently dropped
+    setup = AxesSetup.from_ordered_list(["z", "custom", "y", "x"], canonical)
+    values = [setup.t, setup.c, setup.z, setup.y, setup.x]
+    assert "custom" in values
+    assert (setup.z, setup.y, setup.x) == ("z", "y", "x")
diff --git a/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_unit_v04_utils.py b/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_unit_v04_utils.py
index c25ca7f5..5e9cf80d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_unit_v04_utils.py
+++ b/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_unit_v04_utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import json
+from pathlib import Path
 
 from ome_zarr_models.v04.image import ImageAttrs as ImageAttrsV04
 from ome_zarr_models.v04.image_label import ImageLabelAttrs as LabelAttrsV04
@@ -15,9 +16,11 @@
     v04_to_ngio_well_meta,
 )
 
+META_DIR = Path(__file__).parents[2] / "data" / "v04" / "meta"
+
 
 def test_image_round_trip():
-    path = "tests/data/v04/meta/base_ome_zarr_image_meta.json"
+    path = META_DIR / "base_ome_zarr_image_meta.json"
     with open(path) as f:
         input_metadata = json.load(f)
 
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ def test_image_round_trip():
 
 
 def test_label_round_trip():
-    path = "tests/data/v04/meta/base_ome_zarr_label_meta.json"
+    path = META_DIR / "base_ome_zarr_label_meta.json"
     with open(path) as f:
         metadata = json.load(f)
 
@@ -39,7 +42,7 @@ def test_label_round_trip():
 
 
 def test_well_meta():
-    path = "tests/data/v04/meta/base_ome_zarr_well_meta.json"
+    path = META_DIR / "base_ome_zarr_well_meta.json"
     with open(path) as f:
         metadata = json.load(f)
 
@@ -51,7 +54,7 @@ def test_well_meta():
 
 
 def test_well_meta_path_normalization():
-    path = "tests/data/v04/meta/ome_zarr_well_path_normalization_meta.json"
+    path = META_DIR / "ome_zarr_well_path_normalization_meta.json"
     with open(path) as f:
         metadata = json.load(f)
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_unit_v05_utils.py b/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_unit_v05_utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..343a109b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/ome_zarr_meta/test_unit_v05_utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+import numpy as np
+import pytest
+from zarr.storage import MemoryStore
+
+from ngio import create_ome_zarr_from_array
+from ngio.ome_zarr_meta import (
+    NgioImageMeta,
+    NgioLabelMeta,
+    NgioLabelsGroupMeta,
+    NgioPlateMeta,
+    NgioWellMeta,
+)
+from ngio.ome_zarr_meta.ngio_specs import AxesSetup
+from ngio.ome_zarr_meta.v05._v05_spec import (
+    ngio_to_v05_image_meta,
+    ngio_to_v05_label_meta,
+    ngio_to_v05_labels_group_meta,
+    ngio_to_v05_plate_meta,
+    ngio_to_v05_well_meta,
+    v05_to_ngio_image_meta,
+    v05_to_ngio_label_meta,
+    v05_to_ngio_labels_group_meta,
+    v05_to_ngio_plate_meta,
+    v05_to_ngio_well_meta,
+)
+from ngio.utils import ZarrGroupHandler
+
+
+def _base_multiscale(name="image") -> dict:
+    return {
+        "axes": [
+            {"name": "y", "type": "space", "unit": "micrometer"},
+            {"name": "x", "type": "space", "unit": "micrometer"},
+        ],
+        "datasets": [
+            {
+                "path": "0",
+                "coordinateTransformations": [{"type": "scale", "scale": [1.0, 1.0]}],
+            },
+            {
+                "path": "1",
+                "coordinateTransformations": [{"type": "scale", "scale": [2.0, 2.0]}],
+            },
+        ],
+        "name": name,
+    }
+
+
+def _image_attrs(multiscales=None, omero=None) -> dict:
+    ome: dict = {
+        "version": "0.5",
+        "multiscales": multiscales if multiscales is not None else [_base_multiscale()],
+    }
+    if omero is not None:
+        ome["omero"] = omero
+    return {"ome": ome}
+
+
+def test_image_round_trip():
+    omero = {
+        "channels": [
+            {
+                "color": "00FF00",
+                "window": {"start": 0, "end": 100, "min": 0, "max": 255},
+                "label": "DAPI",
+                "wavelength_id": "A01_C01",
+                "active": False,
+            },
+            # bare channel: label/wavelength_id/active fall back to defaults
+            {
+                "color": "FF0000",
+                "window": {"start": 0, "end": 100, "min": 0, "max": 255},
+            },
+        ]
+    }
+    input_attrs = _image_attrs(omero=omero)
+
+    ngio_image = v05_to_ngio_image_meta(input_attrs, axes_setup=AxesSetup())
+    assert isinstance(ngio_image, NgioImageMeta)
+    assert ngio_image.version == "0.5"
+    assert ngio_image.name == "image"
+
+    channels = ngio_image.channels_meta
+    assert channels is not None
+    assert channels.channels[0].label == "DAPI"
+    assert channels.channels[0].wavelength_id == "A01_C01"
+    assert channels.channels[0].channel_visualisation.active is False
+    # defaults for the bare channel
+    assert channels.channels[1].label == channels.channels[1].wavelength_id
+    assert channels.channels[1].channel_visualisation.active is True
+
+    output_attrs = ngio_to_v05_image_meta(ngio_image)
+    ngio_image_2 = v05_to_ngio_image_meta(output_attrs, axes_setup=AxesSetup())
+
+    assert ngio_image_2.name == ngio_image.name
+    for ds_1, ds_2 in zip(ngio_image.datasets, ngio_image_2.datasets, strict=True):
+        assert ds_1.path == ds_2.path
+        assert ds_1.scale == ds_2.scale
+        assert ds_1.translation == ds_2.translation
+    channels_2 = ngio_image_2.channels_meta
+    assert channels_2 is not None
+    assert [c.label for c in channels_2.channels] == [
+        c.label for c in channels.channels
+    ]
+
+
+def test_image_multiple_multiscales_not_supported():
+    attrs = _image_attrs(multiscales=[_base_multiscale(), _base_multiscale()])
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+        v05_to_ngio_image_meta(attrs, axes_setup=AxesSetup())
+
+
+def test_image_non_string_multiscale_name_is_stringified():
+    multiscale = _base_multiscale(name=123)
+    ngio_image = v05_to_ngio_image_meta(
+        _image_attrs(multiscales=[multiscale]), axes_setup=AxesSetup()
+    )
+    assert ngio_image.name == "123"
+
+
+def test_image_non_string_axis_unit_is_stringified():
+    multiscale = _base_multiscale()
+    multiscale["axes"][0]["unit"] = 5
+    ngio_image = v05_to_ngio_image_meta(
+        _image_attrs(multiscales=[multiscale]), axes_setup=AxesSetup()
+    )
+    y_axis = ngio_image.datasets[0].axes_handler.axes[0]
+    assert y_axis.unit == "5"
+
+
+def test_image_global_coordinate_transformations():
+    multiscale = _base_multiscale()
+    multiscale["coordinateTransformations"] = [{"type": "scale", "scale": [2.0, 2.0]}]
+    ngio_image = v05_to_ngio_image_meta(
+        _image_attrs(multiscales=[multiscale]), axes_setup=AxesSetup()
+    )
+    # the multiscale-level scale multiplies every dataset scale
+    assert ngio_image.datasets[0].scale == (2.0, 2.0)
+    assert ngio_image.datasets[1].scale == (4.0, 4.0)
+
+
+def _label_attrs() -> dict:
+    """Attrs of a real derived label, read back from an in-memory container."""
+    store = MemoryStore()
+    container = create_ome_zarr_from_array(
+        store=store,
+        array=np.zeros((16, 16), dtype="uint8"),
+        pixelsize=1.0,
+        axes_names=["y", "x"],
+        levels=2,
+        ngff_version="0.5",
+    )
+    container.derive_label("lbl")
+    handler = ZarrGroupHandler(store=store, mode="r")
+    return handler.group["labels/lbl"].attrs.asdict()
+
+
+def test_label_round_trip():
+    input_attrs = _label_attrs()
+
+    ngio_label = v05_to_ngio_label_meta(input_attrs, axes_setup=AxesSetup())
+    assert isinstance(ngio_label, NgioLabelMeta)
+    assert ngio_label.version == "0.5"
+
+    output_attrs = ngio_to_v05_label_meta(ngio_label)
+    ngio_label_2 = v05_to_ngio_label_meta(output_attrs, axes_setup=AxesSetup())
+
+    for ds_1, ds_2 in zip(ngio_label.datasets, ngio_label_2.datasets, strict=True):
+        assert ds_1.path == ds_2.path
+        assert ds_1.scale == ds_2.scale
+    assert ngio_label.image_label == ngio_label_2.image_label
+
+
+def test_label_multiple_multiscales_not_supported():
+    attrs = _label_attrs()
+    attrs["ome"]["multiscales"] = attrs["ome"]["multiscales"] * 2
+    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+        v05_to_ngio_label_meta(attrs, axes_setup=AxesSetup())
+
+
+def test_well_round_trip():
+    ngio_well = (
+        NgioWellMeta.default_init(ngff_version="0.5")
+        .add_image(path="0")
+        .add_image(path="1", acquisition=0, strict=False)
+    )
+    output_attrs = ngio_to_v05_well_meta(ngio_well)
+    ngio_well_2 = v05_to_ngio_well_meta(output_attrs)
+
+    assert isinstance(ngio_well_2, NgioWellMeta)
+    assert ngio_well_2.version == "0.5"
+    assert ngio_well_2.paths() == ["0", "1"]
+    assert ngio_well_2.get_image_acquisition_id("1") == 0
+
+
+def test_plate_round_trip():
+    ngio_plate = (
+        NgioPlateMeta.default_init(name="plate", ngff_version="0.5")
+        .add_well(row="A", column=1)
+        .add_acquisition(acquisition_id=0, acquisition_name="acq")
+    )
+    output_attrs = ngio_to_v05_plate_meta(ngio_plate)
+    ngio_plate_2 = v05_to_ngio_plate_meta(output_attrs)
+
+    assert isinstance(ngio_plate_2, NgioPlateMeta)
+    assert ngio_plate_2.version == "0.5"
+    assert ngio_plate_2.wells_paths == ["A/01"]
+    assert ngio_plate_2.acquisition_ids == [0]
+    assert ngio_plate_2.plate.name == "plate"
+
+
+def test_labels_group_round_trip():
+    ngio_labels = NgioLabelsGroupMeta(labels=["a", "b"], version="0.5")
+    output_attrs = ngio_to_v05_labels_group_meta(ngio_labels)
+    ngio_labels_2 = v05_to_ngio_labels_group_meta(output_attrs)
+
+    assert isinstance(ngio_labels_2, NgioLabelsGroupMeta)
+    assert list(ngio_labels_2.labels) == ["a", "b"]
diff --git a/tests/unit/tables/test_backends.py b/tests/unit/tables/test_backends.py
index d929a90b..5d5b078a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/tables/test_backends.py
+++ b/tests/unit/tables/test_backends.py
@@ -62,134 +62,65 @@ def test_backend_manager(tmp_path: Path):
         manager.add_backend(JsonTableBackend)
 
 
-def test_json_backend(tmp_path: Path):
-    store = tmp_path / "test_json_backend.zarr"
-    handler = ZarrGroupHandler(store=store, cache=True, mode="a")
-    backend = JsonTableBackend()
-    backend.set_group_handler(handler, index_type="str")
-
-    assert backend.backend_name() == "json"
-    assert not backend.implements_anndata()
-    assert backend.implements_pandas()
-
-    test_table = pd.DataFrame(
-        {"a": [1, 2, 3], "b": [4.0, 5.0, 6.0], "c": ["a", "b", "c"]}
-    )
-    test_table.index = test_table.index.astype(str)
-
-    backend.write(test_table, metadata={"test": "test"})
-    loaded_table = backend.load_as_pandas_df()
-
-    assert loaded_table.equals(test_table)
-
-    meta = backend._group_handler.load_attrs()
-    assert meta["test"] == "test"
-    assert meta["backend"] == "json"
-
-    a_data = backend.load_as_anndata()
-
-    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
-        backend.write(a_data, metadata={"test": "test"})
-
-    lf_data = backend.load_as_polars_lf()
-    backend.write(lf_data, metadata={"test": "test"})
-
-
-def test_csv_backend(tmp_path: Path):
-    store = tmp_path / "test_csv_backend.zarr"
-    handler = ZarrGroupHandler(store=store, cache=True, mode="a")
-    backend = CsvTableBackend()
-    backend.set_group_handler(handler)
-
-    assert backend.backend_name() == "csv"
-    assert not backend.implements_anndata()
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "backend_cls, backend_name, implements_anndata, handler_kwargs, backend_kwargs",
+    [
+        (JsonTableBackend, "json", False, {}, {"index_type": "str"}),
+        (CsvTableBackend, "csv", False, {}, {}),
+        (ParquetTableBackend, "parquet", False, {}, {}),
+        (AnnDataBackend, "anndata", True, {"zarr_format": 2}, {"index_type": "int"}),
+    ],
+)
+def test_backend_round_trip(
+    tmp_path: Path,
+    backend_cls: type,
+    backend_name: str,
+    implements_anndata: bool,
+    handler_kwargs: dict,
+    backend_kwargs: dict,
+):
+    store = tmp_path / f"test_{backend_name}_backend.zarr"
+    handler = ZarrGroupHandler(store=store, cache=True, mode="a", **handler_kwargs)
+    backend = backend_cls()
+    backend.set_group_handler(handler, **backend_kwargs)
+
+    assert backend.backend_name() == backend_name
+    assert backend.implements_anndata() == implements_anndata
     assert backend.implements_pandas()
 
     test_table = pd.DataFrame(
         {"a": [1, 2, 3], "b": [4.1, 5.1, 6.1], "c": ["a", "b", "c"]}
     )
-
-    backend.write(test_table, metadata={"test": "test"})
-    loaded_table = backend.load_as_pandas_df()
-    assert loaded_table.equals(test_table), loaded_table
-    meta = backend._group_handler.load_attrs()
-    assert meta["test"] == "test"
-    assert meta["backend"] == "csv"
-
-    a_data = backend.load_as_anndata()
-    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
-        backend.write(a_data, metadata={"test": "test"})
-
-    lf_data = backend.load_as_polars_lf()
-    backend.write(lf_data, metadata={"test": "test"})
-
-
-def test_parquet_backend(tmp_path: Path):
-    store = tmp_path / "test_parquet_backend.zarr"
-    handler = ZarrGroupHandler(store=store, cache=True, mode="a")
-    backend = ParquetTableBackend()
-    backend.set_group_handler(handler)
-
-    assert backend.backend_name() == "parquet"
-    assert not backend.implements_anndata()
-    assert backend.implements_pandas()
-
-    test_table = pd.DataFrame(
-        {"a": [1, 2, 3], "b": [4.0, 5.0, 6.0], "c": ["a", "b", "c"]}
-    )
-
-    backend.write(test_table, metadata={"test": "test"})
-    loaded_table = backend.load_as_pandas_df()
-    assert loaded_table.equals(test_table), loaded_table
-    meta = backend._group_handler.load_attrs()
-    assert meta["test"] == "test"
-    assert meta["backend"] == "parquet"
-
-    a_data = backend.load_as_anndata()
-    with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
-        backend.write(a_data, metadata={"test": "test"})
-
-    lf_data = backend.load_as_polars_lf()
-    backend.write(lf_data, metadata={"test": "test"})
-
-
-def test_anndata_backend(tmp_path: Path):
-    store = tmp_path / "test_anndata_backend.zarr"
-    handler = ZarrGroupHandler(store=store, cache=True, mode="a", zarr_format=2)
-    backend = AnnDataBackend()
-    backend.set_group_handler(handler, index_type="int")
-
-    assert backend.backend_name() == "anndata"
-    assert backend.implements_anndata()
-    assert backend.implements_pandas()
-
-    test_table = pd.DataFrame(
-        {"a": [1, 2, 3], "b": [4.0, 5.0, 6.0], "c": ["a", "b", "c"]}
-    )
+    if backend_kwargs.get("index_type") == "str":
+        test_table.index = test_table.index.astype(str)
 
     backend.write(test_table, metadata={"test": "test"})
     loaded_table = backend.load_as_pandas_df()
 
+    # The anndata round trip does not preserve the index, compare columns only
     for column in loaded_table.columns:
-        # Since the transformation from anndata to dataframe is not perfect
-        # We can only compare the columns
         pd.testing.assert_series_equal(loaded_table[column], test_table[column])
+    if not implements_anndata:
+        assert loaded_table.equals(test_table), loaded_table
 
     meta = backend._group_handler.load_attrs()
     assert meta["test"] == "test"
-    assert meta["backend"] == "anndata"
+    assert meta["backend"] == backend_name
 
     a_data = backend.load_as_anndata()
-    backend.write(a_data, metadata={"test": "test"})
+    if implements_anndata:
+        backend.write(a_data, metadata={"test": "test"})
+        # Test that the "raw" entry with encoding-type "null" is
+        # removed after writing for compatibility with older anndata versions
+        with pytest.raises(KeyError):
+            backend._group_handler._group["raw"]
+    else:
+        with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
+            backend.write(a_data, metadata={"test": "test"})
 
     lf_data = backend.load_as_polars_lf()
     backend.write(lf_data, metadata={"test": "test"})
 
-    # Test that the "raw" entry with encoding-type "null" is
-    # removed after writing for compatibility with older anndata versions
-    with pytest.raises(KeyError):
-        backend._group_handler._group["raw"]
-
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "index_label, index_type",
diff --git a/tests/unit/tables/test_roi_table_edge_cases.py b/tests/unit/tables/test_roi_table_edge_cases.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a49e9111
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/tables/test_roi_table_edge_cases.py
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+"""Edge-case coverage tests for `ngio.tables.v1._roi_table`."""
+
+import logging
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pandas as pd
+import pytest
+
+from ngio.common import Roi
+from ngio.tables._tables_container import open_table, write_table
+from ngio.tables.v1._roi_table import (
+    GenericRoiTableV1,
+    MaskingRoiTableV1,
+    MaskingRoiTableV1Meta,
+    RoiDictWrapper,
+    RoiTableV1,
+    RoiTableV1Meta,
+)
+from ngio.utils import NgioTableValidationError, NgioValueError
+
+
+def _make_roi(name: str, label: int | None = None, **extras) -> Roi:
+    return Roi.from_values(
+        name=name,
+        slices={"x": (0, 10), "y": (0, 10), "z": (0, 10)},
+        label=label,
+        **extras,
+    )
+
+
+def _valid_roi_df() -> pd.DataFrame:
+    df = pd.DataFrame(
+        {
+            "x_micrometer": [0.0, 1.0],
+            "y_micrometer": [0.0, 1.0],
+            "z_micrometer": [0.0, 1.0],
+            "len_x_micrometer": [1.0, 1.0],
+            "len_y_micrometer": [1.0, 1.0],
+            "len_z_micrometer": [1.0, 1.0],
+        }
+    )
+    df.index = pd.Index(["roi_1", "roi_2"], name="FieldIndex")
+    return df
+
+
+def test_set_table_data_missing_required_columns():
+    table = RoiTableV1()
+    df = _valid_roi_df().drop(columns=["len_x_micrometer", "len_y_micrometer"])
+    with pytest.raises(NgioTableValidationError):
+        table.set_table_data(df)
+
+
+def test_set_table_data_invalid_type():
+    table = RoiTableV1()
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError):
+        table.set_table_data([1, 2, 3])  # ty: ignore[invalid-argument-type]
+
+
+def test_set_table_data_valid_dataframe():
+    table = RoiTableV1()
+    table.set_table_data(_valid_roi_df())
+    assert len(table.rois()) == 2
+    assert table.get("roi_1").name == "roi_1"
+
+
+def test_set_table_data_refresh_from_backend(tmp_path: Path):
+    table = RoiTableV1(rois=[_make_roi("roi_1"), _make_roi("roi_2")])
+    write_table(store=tmp_path / "roi.zarr", table=table, backend="anndata")
+
+    loaded = open_table(store=tmp_path / "roi.zarr")
+    assert isinstance(loaded, RoiTableV1)
+    assert len(loaded.rois()) == 2
+
+    # Reload the in-memory state from the backend
+    loaded.set_table_data(refresh=True)
+    assert len(loaded.rois()) == 2
+    assert loaded.get("roi_1").name == "roi_1"
+
+
+def test_serialization_requires_x_slice():
+    roi = Roi.from_values(name="roi", slices={"y": (0, 10), "z": (0, 10)})
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="missing 'x' slice"):
+        RoiTableV1(rois=[roi])
+
+
+def test_serialization_requires_y_slice():
+    roi = Roi.from_values(name="roi", slices={"x": (0, 10), "z": (0, 10)})
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="missing 'y' slice"):
+        RoiTableV1(rois=[roi])
+
+
+def test_label_written_as_column_when_index_is_not_label():
+    # RoiTableV1 uses "FieldIndex" as index, so the label must be
+    # serialized as a dedicated "label" column.
+    table = RoiTableV1(rois=[_make_roi("roi_1", label=5)])
+    df = table.dataframe
+    assert "label" in df.columns
+    assert df.loc["roi_1", "label"] == 5
+
+
+def test_extra_columns_roundtrip_and_unknown_column_warning(caplog):
+    roi = _make_roi("roi_1", plate_name="plate_a", not_a_known_column="foo")
+    with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING):
+        table = RoiTableV1(rois=[roi])
+        df = table.dataframe
+    assert df.loc["roi_1", "plate_name"] == "plate_a"
+    assert df.loc["roi_1", "not_a_known_column"] == "foo"
+    # Unknown (non-optional) columns are reported via a logger warning
+    assert "not_a_known_column" in caplog.text
+    assert "is not in the optional columns" in caplog.text
+
+
+def test_read_unknown_extra_column_warning(caplog):
+    df = _valid_roi_df()
+    df["strange_extra"] = ["a", "b"]
+    table = RoiTableV1()
+    with caplog.at_level(logging.WARNING):
+        table.set_table_data(df)
+    assert "strange_extra" in caplog.text
+    rois = table.rois()
+    assert len(rois) == 2
+
+
+def test_duplicate_roi_names_are_deduplicated():
+    # Two ROIs with the same name: the second one is stored under a
+    # uuid-suffixed key so both survive.
+    wrapper = RoiDictWrapper([_make_roi("roi"), _make_roi("roi")])
+    assert len(wrapper.to_list()) == 2
+    assert wrapper.get_by_name("roi") is not None
+
+    table = RoiTableV1(rois=[_make_roi("roi"), _make_roi("roi")])
+    assert len(table.rois()) == 2
+
+
+def test_roi_dict_wrapper_add_single_roi():
+    wrapper = RoiDictWrapper([])
+    wrapper.add_rois(_make_roi("roi_1", label=3))
+    assert len(wrapper.to_list()) == 1
+    assert wrapper.get_by_name("roi_1") is not None
+    assert wrapper.get_by_label(3) is not None
+    assert wrapper.get_by_label(99) is None
+
+
+def test_generic_roi_table_type():
+    assert GenericRoiTableV1.table_type() == "generic_roi_table"
+
+
+def test_from_table_data():
+    table = RoiTableV1.from_table_data(_valid_roi_df(), meta=RoiTableV1Meta())
+    assert isinstance(table, RoiTableV1)
+    assert len(table.rois()) == 2
+    assert table.get("roi_2").name == "roi_2"
+
+
+def test_roi_table_meta_none_defaults():
+    meta = RoiTableV1Meta(index_key=None, index_type=None)
+    table = RoiTableV1(meta=meta)
+    assert table.meta.index_key == "FieldIndex"
+    assert table.meta.index_type == "str"
+
+
+def test_masking_roi_table_meta_none_defaults():
+    meta = MaskingRoiTableV1Meta(index_key=None, index_type=None)
+    table = MaskingRoiTableV1(meta=meta)
+    assert table.meta.index_key == "label"
+    assert table.meta.index_type == "int"
+    assert table.meta.instance_key == "label"
+
+
+def test_masking_roi_table_repr_without_reference_label():
+    table = MaskingRoiTableV1(rois=[_make_roi("1", label=1)])
+    assert table.reference_label is None
+    assert repr(table) == "MaskingRoiTableV1(num_rois=1)"
+
+
+def test_roi_without_z_and_with_time_roundtrip():
+    # No z slice: serialized with defaults z=0.0, len_z=1.0.
+    # A t slice is serialized to t_second / len_t_second and read back.
+    roi = Roi.from_values(
+        name="roi_1",
+        slices={"x": (0, 10), "y": (0, 10), "t": (2, 5)},
+    )
+    table = RoiTableV1(rois=[roi])
+    df = table.dataframe
+    assert df.loc["roi_1", "z_micrometer"] == 0.0
+    assert df.loc["roi_1", "len_z_micrometer"] == 1.0
+    assert df.loc["roi_1", "t_second"] == 2.0
+    assert df.loc["roi_1", "len_t_second"] == 5.0
+
+    reloaded = RoiTableV1()
+    reloaded.set_table_data(df)
+    t_slice = reloaded.get("roi_1").get("t")
+    assert t_slice is not None
+    assert t_slice.start == 2.0
+    assert t_slice.length == 5.0
+
+
+def test_masking_roi_table_label_from_index():
+    df = _valid_roi_df()
+    df.index = pd.Index([10, 20], name="label")
+    table = MaskingRoiTableV1.from_table_data(df, meta=MaskingRoiTableV1Meta())
+    assert isinstance(table, MaskingRoiTableV1)
+    assert table.get_label(10).label == 10
+    assert table.get_label(20).label == 20
+
+
+def test_masking_roi_table_get_label():
+    table = MaskingRoiTableV1(rois=[])
+    table.add(_make_roi("1", label=1))
+    roi = table.get_label(1)
+    assert roi.label == 1
+    with pytest.raises(NgioValueError, match="label 2 not found"):
+        table.get_label(2)
+
+
+def test_empty_roi_table_without_backend_is_usable():
+    table = RoiTableV1()
+    assert table.rois() == []
+
+    table.add(_make_roi("r", label=1))
+    assert [roi.name for roi in table.rois()] == ["r"]
+
+
+def test_duplicate_roi_names_survive_roundtrip(tmp_path: Path):
+    table = RoiTableV1(rois=[_make_roi("roi"), _make_roi("roi")])
+    names = [roi.name for roi in table.rois()]
+    assert len(set(names)) == 2
+
+    store = tmp_path / "rois.zarr"
+    write_table(store=store, table=table)
+    reloaded = open_table(store=store)
+    reloaded_names = [roi.name for roi in reloaded.rois()]  # ty: ignore[unresolved-attribute]
+    assert len(set(reloaded_names)) == 2
diff --git a/tests/unit/tables/test_table_group.py b/tests/unit/tables/test_table_group.py
index a2d953b7..4f6462dc 100644
--- a/tests/unit/tables/test_table_group.py
+++ b/tests/unit/tables/test_table_group.py
@@ -34,29 +34,6 @@ def test_table_container(tmp_path: Path):
     assert table.dataframe.equals(expected)
 
 
-@pytest.mark.parametrize("backend", ["anndata", "json", "csv", "parquet"])
-def test_add_preserves_table_backend(tmp_path: Path, backend: str):
-    """Re-adding a loaded table without an explicit backend keeps its backend.
-
-    Testing for #207.
-    """
-    src_group = open_tables_container(tmp_path / "src.zarr", mode="a")
-    dst_group = open_tables_container(tmp_path / "dst.zarr", mode="a")
-
-    table = FeatureTable(
-        table_data=DataFrame({"label": [1, 2, 3], "a": [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]})
-    )
-    src_group.add(name="table", table=table, backend=backend)
-
-    loaded_table = src_group.get("table")
-    assert loaded_table.backend_name == backend
-
-    dst_group.add(name="table", table=loaded_table)
-    copied_table = dst_group.get("table")
-    assert copied_table.backend_name == backend
-    assert copied_table.meta.backend == backend
-
-
 def test_add_explicit_backend_overrides(tmp_path: Path):
     """An explicit backend argument still converts the table."""
     src_group = open_tables_container(tmp_path / "src.zarr", mode="a")
diff --git a/tests/unit/utils/test_cache.py b/tests/unit/utils/test_cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fcd9782f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/utils/test_cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+import pytest
+
+from ngio.utils import NgioCache
+
+
+def test_cache_enabled():
+    cache: NgioCache[int] = NgioCache(use_cache=True)
+    assert cache.use_cache
+    assert cache.is_empty
+    assert cache.cache == {}
+
+    cache.set("a", 1)
+    assert not cache.is_empty
+    assert cache.get("a") == 1
+    assert cache.cache == {"a": 1}
+    assert cache.get("missing") is None
+    assert cache.get("missing", default=42) == 42
+
+    cache.set("a", 2)
+    assert cache.get("a") == 2
+
+    cache.clear()
+    assert cache.is_empty
+    assert cache.get("a") is None
+
+
+def test_cache_disabled():
+    cache: NgioCache[int] = NgioCache(use_cache=False)
+    assert not cache.use_cache
+
+    # All operations are no-ops when the cache is disabled
+    cache.set("a", 1)
+    assert cache.is_empty
+    assert cache.get("a") is None
+    assert cache.get("a", default=7) == 7
+
+    cache.clear()
+    assert cache.is_empty
+
+
+def test_cache_disabled_sanity_check():
+    cache: NgioCache[int] = NgioCache(use_cache=False)
+    # Simulate a logic error: items in the internal dict while disabled
+    cache._cache["a"] = 1
+
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Cache is disabled"):
+        cache.get("a")
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Cache is disabled"):
+        cache.set("b", 2)
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Cache is disabled"):
+        cache.clear()
diff --git a/tests/unit/utils/test_zarr_utils.py b/tests/unit/utils/test_zarr_utils.py
index d5b42255..edeeaef2 100644
--- a/tests/unit/utils/test_zarr_utils.py
+++ b/tests/unit/utils/test_zarr_utils.py
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ def add_item(i):
     handler.write_attrs(attrs, overwrite=True)
 
     results = []
-    num_items = 1000
+    num_items = 100
     for i in range(num_items):
         results.append(add_item(i))
 
@@ -190,6 +190,7 @@ def add_item(i):
         handler._create_lock()
 
 
+@pytest.mark.network
 def test_remote_storage():
     url = (
         "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/"