diff --git a/backend/internal/infra/llm/gemini.go b/backend/internal/infra/llm/gemini.go
index bddcc958..7fec9d49 100644
--- a/backend/internal/infra/llm/gemini.go
+++ b/backend/internal/infra/llm/gemini.go
@@ -519,9 +519,9 @@ func buildGeminiTools(tools []ToolDefinition) []map[string]interface{} {
 			continue
 		}
 		declarations = append(declarations, map[string]interface{}{
-			"name":        name,
-			"description": strings.TrimSpace(tool.Description),
-			"parameters":  geminiToolParameterSchema(decodeToolSchema(tool.InputSchema)),
+			"name":                 name,
+			"description":          strings.TrimSpace(tool.Description),
+			"parametersJsonSchema": decodeToolSchema(tool.InputSchema),
 		})
 	}
 	if len(declarations) == 0 {
@@ -530,79 +530,6 @@ func buildGeminiTools(tools []ToolDefinition) []map[string]interface{} {
 	return []map[string]interface{}{{"functionDeclarations": declarations}}
 }
 
-func geminiToolParameterSchema(schema map[string]interface{}) map[string]interface{} {
-	if len(schema) == 0 {
-		return map[string]interface{}{"type": "object", "properties": map[string]interface{}{}}
-	}
-	normalized := sanitizeGeminiSchema(schema)
-	if strings.TrimSpace(getString(normalized["type"])) == "" {
-		normalized["type"] = "object"
-	}
-	if _, ok := normalized["properties"]; !ok && strings.EqualFold(getString(normalized["type"]), "object") {
-		normalized["properties"] = map[string]interface{}{}
-	}
-	return normalized
-}
-
-func sanitizeGeminiSchema(schema map[string]interface{}) map[string]interface{} {
-	result := make(map[string]interface{}, len(schema))
-	for key, value := range schema {
-		switch key {
-		case "type", "format", "title", "description", "nullable", "enum", "required", "propertyOrdering":
-			if !isEmptyGeminiPayloadValue(value) {
-				result[key] = value
-			}
-		case "properties":
-			properties := sanitizeGeminiSchemaProperties(asMap(value))
-			if len(properties) > 0 {
-				result[key] = properties
-			}
-		case "items":
-			itemSchema := sanitizeGeminiSchema(asMap(value))
-			if len(itemSchema) > 0 {
-				result[key] = itemSchema
-			}
-		case "anyOf":
-			anyOf := sanitizeGeminiSchemaList(asSlice(value))
-			if len(anyOf) > 0 {
-				result[key] = anyOf
-			}
-		case "minItems", "maxItems":
-			result[key] = value
-		}
-	}
-	return result
-}
-
-func sanitizeGeminiSchemaProperties(properties map[string]interface{}) map[string]interface{} {
-	if len(properties) == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-	result := make(map[string]interface{}, len(properties))
-	for name, raw := range properties {
-		property := sanitizeGeminiSchema(asMap(raw))
-		if len(property) == 0 {
-			continue
-		}
-		result[name] = property
-	}
-	return result
-}
-
-func sanitizeGeminiSchemaList(items []interface{}) []interface{} {
-	if len(items) == 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-	result := make([]interface{}, 0, len(items))
-	for _, raw := range items {
-		item := sanitizeGeminiSchema(asMap(raw))
-		if len(item) > 0 {
-			result = append(result, item)
-		}
-	}
-	return result
-}
-
 func buildGeminiProviderTools(tools []map[string]interface{}) []map[string]interface{} {
 	if len(tools) == 0 {
 		return nil
diff --git a/backend/internal/infra/llm/gemini_interactions.go b/backend/internal/infra/llm/gemini_interactions.go
index d791a8be..995f3200 100644
--- a/backend/internal/infra/llm/gemini_interactions.go
+++ b/backend/internal/infra/llm/gemini_interactions.go
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ func buildGeminiInteractionTools(tools []ToolDefinition) []map[string]interface{
 			"type":        "function",
 			"name":        name,
 			"description": strings.TrimSpace(tool.Description),
-			"parameters":  geminiToolParameterSchema(decodeToolSchema(tool.InputSchema)),
+			"parameters":  decodeToolSchema(tool.InputSchema),
 		})
 	}
 	return items
diff --git a/backend/internal/infra/llm/gemini_interactions_test.go b/backend/internal/infra/llm/gemini_interactions_test.go
index 576afaaf..6189eeeb 100644
--- a/backend/internal/infra/llm/gemini_interactions_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/infra/llm/gemini_interactions_test.go
@@ -193,6 +193,52 @@ func TestBuildGeminiInteractionRequestBodySupportsUniversalOptionsAndTools(t *te
 	}
 }
 
+func TestBuildGeminiInteractionToolsPreservesJSONSchemaReferences(t *testing.T) {
+	payload, err := buildGeminiInteractionRequestBody(RouteConfig{
+		Endpoint:      EndpointInteractions,
+		UpstreamModel: "gemini-3-flash-preview",
+	}, GenerateInput{
+		Messages: []Message{{Role: "user", Content: "Run the workflow."}},
+		Tools: []ToolDefinition{{
+			Name:        "run_workflow",
+			Description: "Runs a workflow.",
+			InputSchema: json.RawMessage(`{
+				"type": "object",
+				"properties": {
+					"headers": {"type": "object"},
+					"actions": {"type": "array", "items": {"$ref": "#/properties/headers"}},
+					"parser": {"anyOf": [{"$ref": "#/$defs/parser"}, {"type": "null"}]}
+				},
+				"$defs": {"parser": {"type": "object"}},
+				"required": ["actions"]
+			}`),
+		}},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("build Gemini interaction request body: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	tools, ok := payload["tools"].([]map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok || len(tools) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected one Interactions tool, got %#v", payload["tools"])
+	}
+	parameters, ok := tools[0]["parameters"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected native JSON Schema parameters, got %#v", tools[0])
+	}
+	properties := asMap(parameters["properties"])
+	if asMap(asMap(properties["actions"])["items"])["$ref"] != "#/properties/headers" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected array item reference to be preserved, got %#v", properties["actions"])
+	}
+	anyOf := asSlice(asMap(properties["parser"])["anyOf"])
+	if len(anyOf) != 2 || asMap(anyOf[0])["$ref"] != "#/$defs/parser" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected anyOf reference to be preserved, got %#v", anyOf)
+	}
+	if asMap(asMap(parameters["$defs"])["parser"])["type"] != "object" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected JSON Schema definitions to be preserved, got %#v", parameters["$defs"])
+	}
+}
+
 func TestBuildGeminiInteractionRequestBodyAcceptsTypedResponseFormatList(t *testing.T) {
 	payload, err := buildGeminiInteractionRequestBody(RouteConfig{
 		Endpoint:      EndpointInteractions,
diff --git a/backend/internal/infra/llm/request_tools_test.go b/backend/internal/infra/llm/request_tools_test.go
index 4c5b24ac..25332981 100644
--- a/backend/internal/infra/llm/request_tools_test.go
+++ b/backend/internal/infra/llm/request_tools_test.go
@@ -547,25 +547,37 @@ func TestBuildGeminiToolsPreservesExplicitToolConfigWhenMixedTools(t *testing.T)
 	}
 }
 
-func TestBuildGeminiToolsSanitizesJSONSchemaForFunctionDeclarations(t *testing.T) {
+func TestBuildGeminiToolsPreservesJSONSchemaForFunctionDeclarations(t *testing.T) {
 	schema := json.RawMessage(`{
-		"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
+		"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
 		"additionalProperties": false,
 		"type": "object",
 		"properties": {
-			"query": {
-				"anyOf": [
-					{"type": "string", "default": ""},
-					{"type": "array", "items": {"type": "string", "additionalProperties": false}}
-				],
-				"description": "Search terms"
+			"headers": {
+				"type": "object",
+				"additionalProperties": {"type": "string"}
+			},
+			"actions": {
+				"type": "array",
+				"items": {"$ref": "#/properties/headers"}
 			},
-			"num": {
-				"type": "number",
-				"default": 30
+			"request": {"$ref": "#/$defs/request"},
+			"parser": {
+				"anyOf": [
+					{"$ref": "#/$defs/parser"},
+					{"type": "null"}
+				]
 			}
 		},
-		"required": ["query"]
+		"$defs": {
+			"request": {
+				"type": "object",
+				"properties": {"url": {"type": "string", "format": "uri"}},
+				"required": ["url"]
+			},
+			"parser": {"type": "object"}
+		},
+		"required": ["actions"]
 	}`)
 	payload := mustBuildGeminiRequestBody(t, GenerateInput{
 		Messages: []Message{{Role: "user", Content: "search"}},
@@ -578,26 +590,32 @@ func TestBuildGeminiToolsSanitizesJSONSchemaForFunctionDeclarations(t *testing.T
 
 	tools := payload["tools"].([]map[string]interface{})
 	declarations := tools[0]["functionDeclarations"].([]map[string]interface{})
-	parameters := declarations[0]["parameters"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if _, ok := parameters["$schema"]; ok {
-		t.Fatalf("expected $schema to be removed for Gemini, got %#v", parameters)
+	declaration := declarations[0]
+	if _, ok := declaration["parameters"]; ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected Generate Content to use parametersJsonSchema, got %#v", declaration)
+	}
+	parameters, ok := declaration["parametersJsonSchema"].(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("expected native JSON Schema parameters, got %#v", declaration)
 	}
-	if _, ok := parameters["additionalProperties"]; ok {
-		t.Fatalf("expected additionalProperties to be removed for Gemini, got %#v", parameters)
+	if parameters["$schema"] != "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema" || parameters["additionalProperties"] != false {
+		t.Fatalf("expected root JSON Schema fields to be preserved, got %#v", parameters)
+	}
+	definitions := asMap(parameters["$defs"])
+	if asMap(definitions["request"])["type"] != "object" || asMap(definitions["parser"])["type"] != "object" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected JSON Schema definitions to be preserved, got %#v", definitions)
 	}
 	properties := parameters["properties"].(map[string]interface{})
-	query := properties["query"].(map[string]interface{})
-	anyOf := query["anyOf"].([]interface{})
-	if _, ok := anyOf[0].(map[string]interface{})["default"]; ok {
-		t.Fatalf("expected nested default to be removed for Gemini, got %#v", anyOf[0])
+	actions := asMap(properties["actions"])
+	if asMap(actions["items"])["$ref"] != "#/properties/headers" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected array item reference to be preserved, got %#v", actions)
 	}
-	arraySchema := anyOf[1].(map[string]interface{})
-	items := arraySchema["items"].(map[string]interface{})
-	if _, ok := items["additionalProperties"]; ok {
-		t.Fatalf("expected nested additionalProperties to be removed for Gemini, got %#v", items)
+	if asMap(properties["request"])["$ref"] != "#/$defs/request" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected property reference to be preserved, got %#v", properties["request"])
 	}
-	if parameters["type"] != "object" || len(parameters["required"].([]interface{})) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("expected supported schema fields to remain, got %#v", parameters)
+	anyOf := asSlice(asMap(properties["parser"])["anyOf"])
+	if len(anyOf) != 2 || asMap(anyOf[0])["$ref"] != "#/$defs/parser" {
+		t.Fatalf("expected anyOf reference to be preserved, got %#v", anyOf)
 	}
 }