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feat: migrate from Astra Vectorize to IBM Granite embeddings
Replace Astra's server-side NVIDIA NV-Embed vectorization with client-side embedding generation using the IBM Granite-Embedding-30m-English model for improved control and reduced dependency on external services. Key changes: - Add embedding service with Granite model (384-dim vectors vs 4096-dim) - Generate embeddings client-side during video ingestion - Update semantic search to embed queries client-side - Add configurable similarity threshold via VECTOR_SEARCH_SIMILARITY_THRESHOLD - Update backfill script to use Granite embeddings - Remove NVIDIA vectorization dependencies and configurations - Enable vector search by default Dependencies: - sentence-transformers >= 3.0.0 - torch >= 2.0.0 🤖 Generated with [Claude Code](https://claude.com/claude-code) Co-Authored-By: Claude <noreply@anthropic.com>
1 parent f2db647 commit 88d7cbb

10 files changed

Lines changed: 3182 additions & 1651 deletions

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app/core/config.py

Lines changed: 13 additions & 2 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -104,8 +104,19 @@ def parsed_cors_origins(self) -> list[str]: # noqa: D401
104104

105105
INLINE_METADATA_DISABLED: bool = False
106106
ENABLE_BACKGROUND_PROCESSING: bool = True
107-
# Feature flag – enables semantic vector search endpoints
108-
VECTOR_SEARCH_ENABLED: bool = False
107+
# Feature flag – enables semantic vector search using IBM Granite embeddings
108+
VECTOR_SEARCH_ENABLED: bool = True
109+
110+
# Minimum similarity score (0.0-1.0) for semantic search results
111+
# Higher values = more strict matching (fewer but more relevant results)
112+
# Lower values = more lenient matching (more results but potentially less relevant)
113+
# Recommended range: 0.5-0.8 for Granite embeddings
114+
VECTOR_SEARCH_SIMILARITY_THRESHOLD: float = Field(
115+
default=0.65,
116+
ge=0.0,
117+
le=1.0,
118+
description="Minimum cosine similarity score for search results (0.0-1.0)",
119+
)
109120

110121
# ------------------------------------------------------------------
111122
# YouTube integration

app/services/embedding_service.py

Lines changed: 170 additions & 0 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
1+
"""
2+
Embedding service for generating vector embeddings using IBM Granite model.
3+
4+
This service uses the IBM Granite-Embedding-30m-English model to generate
5+
384-dimensional embeddings for text. The model is loaded once at startup
6+
and cached in memory for fast inference.
7+
"""
8+
9+
import logging
10+
import re
11+
from typing import List, Optional
12+
13+
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
14+
15+
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
16+
17+
18+
class EmbeddingService:
19+
"""
20+
Singleton service for generating embeddings using IBM Granite model.
21+
22+
The model is loaded once at initialization and cached for fast inference.
23+
"""
24+
25+
_instance: Optional["EmbeddingService"] = None
26+
_model: Optional[SentenceTransformer] = None
27+
28+
MODEL_NAME = "ibm-granite/granite-embedding-30m-english"
29+
EMBEDDING_DIMENSION = 384
30+
MAX_TOKENS = 512
31+
32+
def __new__(cls):
33+
"""Implement singleton pattern."""
34+
if cls._instance is None:
35+
cls._instance = super().__new__(cls)
36+
return cls._instance
37+
38+
def __init__(self):
39+
"""Initialize the embedding service."""
40+
if self._model is None:
41+
logger.info(f"Loading embedding model: {self.MODEL_NAME}")
42+
self._model = SentenceTransformer(self.MODEL_NAME)
43+
logger.info(
44+
f"Embedding model loaded successfully. Dimension: {self.EMBEDDING_DIMENSION}"
45+
)
46+
47+
def _clip_to_max_tokens(self, text: str) -> str:
48+
"""
49+
Clip text to maximum token limit (512 tokens).
50+
51+
Uses a simple tokenizer that matches the pattern used for NVIDIA embeddings.
52+
This is a conservative approximation - actual tokenization may differ slightly.
53+
54+
Args:
55+
text: The input text to clip
56+
57+
Returns:
58+
The clipped text if over limit, otherwise original text
59+
"""
60+
# Simple tokenizer: matches word characters and punctuation
61+
token_re = re.compile(r"\w+|[^\w\s]", flags=re.UNICODE)
62+
tokens = token_re.findall(text)
63+
64+
if len(tokens) <= self.MAX_TOKENS:
65+
return text
66+
67+
# Clip to max tokens and rejoin
68+
clipped_tokens = tokens[: self.MAX_TOKENS]
69+
# Find the position in original text where we should cut
70+
# This is approximate but works well enough
71+
clipped_text = " ".join(clipped_tokens)
72+
73+
logger.warning(f"Text clipped from {len(tokens)} to {self.MAX_TOKENS} tokens")
74+
75+
return clipped_text
76+
77+
def generate_embedding(self, text: str, clip_tokens: bool = True) -> List[float]:
78+
"""
79+
Generate a 384-dimensional embedding vector for the given text.
80+
81+
Args:
82+
text: The input text to embed
83+
clip_tokens: Whether to clip text to MAX_TOKENS (default: True)
84+
85+
Returns:
86+
A list of 384 float values representing the embedding vector
87+
88+
Raises:
89+
ValueError: If text is empty or model is not loaded
90+
"""
91+
if not text or not text.strip():
92+
raise ValueError("Cannot generate embedding for empty text")
93+
94+
if self._model is None:
95+
raise ValueError("Embedding model not loaded")
96+
97+
# Clip to token limit if requested
98+
if clip_tokens:
99+
text = self._clip_to_max_tokens(text)
100+
101+
# Generate embedding
102+
# encode() returns numpy array, convert to list of floats
103+
embedding = self._model.encode(text, convert_to_numpy=True)
104+
105+
return embedding.tolist()
106+
107+
def generate_embeddings_batch(
108+
self, texts: List[str], clip_tokens: bool = True
109+
) -> List[List[float]]:
110+
"""
111+
Generate embeddings for multiple texts in a batch.
112+
113+
This is more efficient than calling generate_embedding() multiple times
114+
as the model can process multiple texts in parallel.
115+
116+
Args:
117+
texts: List of input texts to embed
118+
clip_tokens: Whether to clip texts to MAX_TOKENS (default: True)
119+
120+
Returns:
121+
List of embedding vectors, one for each input text
122+
123+
Raises:
124+
ValueError: If any text is empty or model is not loaded
125+
"""
126+
if not texts:
127+
raise ValueError("Cannot generate embeddings for empty list")
128+
129+
if self._model is None:
130+
raise ValueError("Embedding model not loaded")
131+
132+
# Validate and clip texts
133+
processed_texts = []
134+
for text in texts:
135+
if not text or not text.strip():
136+
raise ValueError("Cannot generate embedding for empty text")
137+
138+
if clip_tokens:
139+
text = self._clip_to_max_tokens(text)
140+
141+
processed_texts.append(text)
142+
143+
# Generate embeddings in batch
144+
embeddings = self._model.encode(
145+
processed_texts, convert_to_numpy=True, show_progress_bar=False
146+
)
147+
148+
return [emb.tolist() for emb in embeddings]
149+
150+
151+
# Global instance
152+
_embedding_service: Optional[EmbeddingService] = None
153+
154+
155+
def get_embedding_service() -> EmbeddingService:
156+
"""
157+
Get the global embedding service instance.
158+
159+
This function initializes the service on first call and returns
160+
the cached instance on subsequent calls.
161+
162+
Returns:
163+
The global EmbeddingService instance
164+
"""
165+
global _embedding_service
166+
167+
if _embedding_service is None:
168+
_embedding_service = EmbeddingService()
169+
170+
return _embedding_service

app/services/vector_search_utils.py

Lines changed: 5 additions & 5 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ async def semantic_search_with_threshold(
2929
*,
3030
db_table: AstraDBCollection,
3131
vector_column: str,
32-
query: str,
32+
query_vector: List[float],
3333
page: int,
3434
page_size: int,
3535
similarity_threshold: float = 0.0,
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ async def semantic_search_with_threshold(
4343
Table / collection to query (must contain the *vector_column*).
4444
vector_column : str
4545
Name of the vector column to sort on, e.g. ``"content_features"``.
46-
query : str
47-
The natural-language query that will be embedded on-the-fly by Astra.
46+
query_vector : List[float]
47+
Pre-computed embedding vector for the query (384 dimensions for Granite model).
4848
page / page_size : int
4949
Standard pagination parameters expected by the public API.
5050
similarity_threshold : float, optional
@@ -69,11 +69,11 @@ async def semantic_search_with_threshold(
6969
start_time = time.perf_counter()
7070

7171
with tracer.start_as_current_span("vector.search") as span:
72-
span.set_attribute("query", query[:64]) # truncate long queries for span
72+
span.set_attribute("vector_dimensions", len(query_vector))
7373

7474
cursor = db_table.find(
7575
filter={},
76-
sort={vector_column: query},
76+
sort={vector_column: query_vector},
7777
limit=overfetch,
7878
include_similarity=True, # ⭐
7979
)

app/services/video_service.py

Lines changed: 28 additions & 22 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
3737
MetadataFetchError,
3838
)
3939
from app.core.config import settings
40-
from app.utils.text import clip_to_512_tokens
40+
from app.services.embedding_service import get_embedding_service
4141

4242
from astrapy.exceptions.data_api_exceptions import DataAPIResponseException
4343

@@ -198,12 +198,11 @@ async def submit_new_video(
198198
full_doc = new_video.model_dump(by_alias=False, exclude_none=True)
199199

200200
# ------------------------------------------------------------------
201-
# Build semantic embedding input string for NV-Embed auto-vectorisation.
202-
# The Data API embeds *strings* via the `$vectorize` operator when they are
203-
# stored in a ``vector`` column. We therefore concatenate title,
204-
# description, and tags into a single text blob and store it directly in
205-
# the ``content_features`` field. The vector will be generated
206-
# server-side during the insert/update operation.
201+
# Generate semantic embeddings using IBM Granite model.
202+
# We concatenate title, description, and tags into a single text blob,
203+
# then generate a 384-dimensional embedding vector client-side using
204+
# the Granite-Embedding-30m-English model. The embedding service
205+
# handles token limiting (512 tokens max) automatically.
207206
# ------------------------------------------------------------------
208207

209208
components: list[str] = [resolved_name]
@@ -212,8 +211,11 @@ async def submit_new_video(
212211
if new_video.tags:
213212
components.append(" ".join(new_video.tags))
214213

215-
embedding_raw = "\n".join(components)
216-
full_doc["content_features"] = clip_to_512_tokens(embedding_raw)
214+
embedding_text = "\n".join(components)
215+
216+
# Generate embedding using Granite model (returns List[float] with 384 dimensions)
217+
embedding_service = get_embedding_service()
218+
full_doc["content_features"] = embedding_service.generate_embedding(embedding_text)
217219

218220
# Ensure any HttpUrl instances are converted to plain strings so AstraDB
219221
# JSON encoder does not choke. We purposely *do not* strip unknown
@@ -757,29 +759,33 @@ async def search_videos_by_semantic(
757759
page_size: int,
758760
db_table: Optional[AstraDBCollection] = None,
759761
) -> Tuple[List[VideoSummary], int]:
760-
"""Return videos ranked by semantic similarity using Astra `$vectorize`.
762+
"""Return videos ranked by semantic similarity using IBM Granite embeddings.
763+
764+
The query is embedded client-side using the Granite-Embedding-30m-English
765+
model, then compared against stored video embeddings using cosine similarity.
761766
762767
Raises
763768
------
764769
HTTPException
765-
With status ``400`` if the query exceeds the NV-Embed 512-token limit.
770+
With status ``400`` if the query exceeds the 512-token limit.
766771
"""
767772

768773
# ------------------------------------------------------------------
769-
# Validate token length against NVIDIA provider limit (512 tokens).
774+
# Generate query embedding using Granite model.
775+
# The embedding service handles token validation (512 tokens max).
770776
# ------------------------------------------------------------------
771777

772-
import re as _re
778+
embedding_service = get_embedding_service()
773779

774-
token_re = _re.compile(r"\w+|[^\w\s]", flags=_re.UNICODE)
775-
if len(token_re.findall(query)) > 512:
780+
try:
781+
query_vector = embedding_service.generate_embedding(query)
782+
except ValueError as e:
776783
raise HTTPException(
777784
status_code=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST,
778-
detail="Query exceeds 512-token limit for semantic search.",
785+
detail=f"Failed to generate query embedding: {str(e)}",
779786
)
780787

781-
# Delegate to reusable helper so we can later swap with server-side
782-
# threshold once the Data API supports it natively.
788+
# Delegate to reusable helper with pre-computed embedding vector.
783789

784790
from app.services.vector_search_utils import (
785791
semantic_search_with_threshold,
@@ -791,12 +797,12 @@ async def search_videos_by_semantic(
791797
return await semantic_search_with_threshold(
792798
db_table=db_table,
793799
vector_column="content_features",
794-
query=query,
800+
query_vector=query_vector,
795801
page=page,
796802
page_size=page_size,
797-
# NV-Embed scores rarely exceed ~0.75, so 0.65 keeps the top
798-
# matches while still trimming weak ones.
799-
similarity_threshold=0.65,
803+
# Use configurable similarity threshold from settings
804+
# Can be adjusted via VECTOR_SEARCH_SIMILARITY_THRESHOLD in .env
805+
similarity_threshold=settings.VECTOR_SEARCH_SIMILARITY_THRESHOLD,
800806
)
801807

802808

env.example

Lines changed: 9 additions & 3 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -44,9 +44,15 @@ SECRET_KEY=please-change-me-to-a-long-random-string
4444
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
4545
# Feature Flags
4646
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
47-
# Enable semantic vector search mode (true/false). Keep disabled until the
48-
# migrations & backfill jobs have run successfully.
49-
VECTOR_SEARCH_ENABLED=false
47+
# Enable semantic vector search using IBM Granite embeddings (true/false).
48+
# Default is true. Set to false if you haven't loaded vector embeddings yet.
49+
VECTOR_SEARCH_ENABLED=true
50+
51+
# Minimum similarity score (0.0-1.0) for semantic search results
52+
# Higher values = more strict matching (fewer but more relevant results)
53+
# Lower values = more lenient matching (more results but potentially less relevant)
54+
# Recommended range: 0.5-0.8 for Granite embeddings. Default: 0.65
55+
# VECTOR_SEARCH_SIMILARITY_THRESHOLD=0.65
5056

5157
# --------------------------------------------------------------------
5258
# Observability / Telemetry

migrations/2025_08_vector.cql

Lines changed: 3 additions & 3 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
1-
-- Increase the vector dimension to 4096 and attach the NVIDIA embedding service
2-
ALTER TABLE killrvideo.videos ALTER content_features TYPE vector<float, 4096>;
1+
-- Set the vector dimension to 384 for IBM Granite embeddings
2+
ALTER TABLE killrvideo.videos ALTER content_features TYPE vector<float, 384>;
33

44
-- Drop the existing vector index if present
55
DROP INDEX IF EXISTS videos_content_features_idx;
66

7-
-- Recreate the SAI index for the enlarged vector column using cosine similarity
7+
-- Recreate the SAI index for the vector column using cosine similarity
88
CREATE CUSTOM INDEX videos_content_features_idx
99
ON killrvideo.videos (content_features)
1010
USING 'StorageAttachedIndex'

migrations/2025_08_vector.json

Lines changed: 1 addition & 5 deletions
Original file line numberDiff line numberDiff line change
@@ -6,11 +6,7 @@
66
"alterColumns": {
77
"content_features": {
88
"type": "vector",
9-
"dimension": 4096,
10-
"service": {
11-
"provider": "nvidia",
12-
"modelName": "NV-Embed-QA"
13-
}
9+
"dimension": 384
1410
}
1511
}
1612
}

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