From 98d4da250b44bbdd2261d9f13625b24ec891f304 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jinwoo Bae <bbae7050@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Apr 2026 14:08:50 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 01/13] Add Korean TN post-processing rules for particle
 agreement and month handling

Signed-off-by: Jinwoo Bae <bbae7050@gmail.com>
---
 .../text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py     | 12 ++++
 .../ko/verbalizers/post_processing.py         | 68 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../text_normalization/normalize.py           |  6 +-
 3 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/post_processing.py

diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
index 4f2da5702..3c89e104b 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
@@ -249,6 +249,17 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
             + pynutil.insert("\"")
         )
 
+        month_josa = pynini.union("에", "은", "는", "에는").optimize()
+
+        individual_month_component_with_josa = (
+            pynutil.insert('month: "')
+            + month_cardinal
+            + pynutil.delete("월")
+            + pynutil.insert("월")
+            + pynini.closure(month_josa, 0, 1)
+            + pynutil.insert('"')
+        ).optimize()
+        
         individual_day_component = (
             pynutil.insert("day: \"")
             + cardinal_lz
@@ -272,6 +283,7 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
             day_and_weekday_component
             | month_and_weekday_component
             | individual_year_component
+            | individual_month_component_with_josa
             | individual_month_component
             | individual_day_component
             | week_component
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/post_processing.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/post_processing.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b363040fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/post_processing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, NVIDIA CORPORATION.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import os
+import pynini
+from pynini.lib import pynutil
+
+from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.graph_utils import NEMO_SIGMA, NEMO_SPACE, generator_main
+from nemo_text_processing.utils.logging import logger
+
+
+class PostProcessingFst:
+    def __init__(self, cache_dir: str = None, overwrite_cache: bool = False):
+        far_file = None
+        if cache_dir is not None and cache_dir != "None":
+            os.makedirs(cache_dir, exist_ok=True)
+            far_file = os.path.join(cache_dir, "ko_tn_post_processing.far")
+
+        if not overwrite_cache and far_file and os.path.exists(far_file):
+            self.fst = pynini.Far(far_file, mode="r")["post_process_graph"]
+            logger.info(f"Post processing graph was restored from {far_file}.")
+        else:
+            self.fst = self.get_postprocess_graph()
+            if far_file:
+                generator_main(far_file, {"post_process_graph": self.fst})
+
+    def get_postprocess_graph(self):
+        delete_space = pynutil.delete(NEMO_SPACE)
+
+        vowel_final = pynini.union(
+            "아", "야", "어", "여", "오", "요", "우", "유", "이", "애", "에",
+            "사", "오", "구"
+        )
+
+        rule_i_to_ga = pynini.cdrewrite(
+            delete_space + pynini.cross("이 ", "가 "),
+            vowel_final,
+            "",
+            NEMO_SIGMA,
+        )
+
+        rule_eun_to_neun = pynini.cdrewrite(
+            delete_space + pynini.cross("은 ", "는 "),
+            vowel_final,
+            "",
+            NEMO_SIGMA,
+        )
+
+        rule_eul_to_reul = pynini.cdrewrite(
+            delete_space + pynini.cross("을 ", "를 "),
+            vowel_final,
+            "",
+            NEMO_SIGMA,
+        )
+
+        graph = rule_i_to_ga @ rule_eun_to_neun @ rule_eul_to_reul
+        return graph.optimize()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py
index 5e2f9ebb5..5930f49bd 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py
@@ -187,7 +187,11 @@ def __init__(
                 self.post_processor = PostProcessingFst(cache_dir=cache_dir, overwrite_cache=overwrite_cache)
         elif lang == 'ko':
             from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.tokenize_and_classify import ClassifyFst
+            from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.verbalizers.post_processing import PostProcessingFst
             from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.verbalizers.verbalize_final import VerbalizeFinalFst
+            
+            if post_process:
+                self.post_processor = PostProcessingFst(cache_dir=cache_dir, overwrite_cache=overwrite_cache)
         else:
             raise NotImplementedError(f"Language {lang} has not been supported yet.")
 
@@ -388,7 +392,7 @@ def normalize(
                 return text
         output = SPACE_DUP.sub(' ', output[1:])
 
-        if self.lang in ["en", "hi", "vi"] and hasattr(self, 'post_processor') and self.post_processor is not None:
+        if self.lang in ["en", "hi", "vi", "ko"] and hasattr(self, 'post_processor') and self.post_processor is not None:
             output = self.post_process(output)
 
         if punct_post_process:

From 19619a9b1d6906318985fcbfe0b549a5102cf85a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Apr 2026 21:14:31 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 02/13] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 .../text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py                 | 2 +-
 .../text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/post_processing.py  | 7 ++-----
 nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py      | 8 ++++++--
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
index 3c89e104b..45943e1a3 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
             + pynini.closure(month_josa, 0, 1)
             + pynutil.insert('"')
         ).optimize()
-        
+
         individual_day_component = (
             pynutil.insert("day: \"")
             + cardinal_lz
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/post_processing.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/post_processing.py
index b363040fd..45fcb259f 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/post_processing.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/post_processing.py
@@ -38,10 +38,7 @@ def __init__(self, cache_dir: str = None, overwrite_cache: bool = False):
     def get_postprocess_graph(self):
         delete_space = pynutil.delete(NEMO_SPACE)
 
-        vowel_final = pynini.union(
-            "아", "야", "어", "여", "오", "요", "우", "유", "이", "애", "에",
-            "사", "오", "구"
-        )
+        vowel_final = pynini.union("아", "야", "어", "여", "오", "요", "우", "유", "이", "애", "에", "사", "오", "구")
 
         rule_i_to_ga = pynini.cdrewrite(
             delete_space + pynini.cross("이 ", "가 "),
@@ -65,4 +62,4 @@ def get_postprocess_graph(self):
         )
 
         graph = rule_i_to_ga @ rule_eun_to_neun @ rule_eul_to_reul
-        return graph.optimize()
\ No newline at end of file
+        return graph.optimize()
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py
index 5930f49bd..12661bd3d 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ def __init__(
             from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.tokenize_and_classify import ClassifyFst
             from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.verbalizers.post_processing import PostProcessingFst
             from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.verbalizers.verbalize_final import VerbalizeFinalFst
-            
+
             if post_process:
                 self.post_processor = PostProcessingFst(cache_dir=cache_dir, overwrite_cache=overwrite_cache)
         else:
@@ -392,7 +392,11 @@ def normalize(
                 return text
         output = SPACE_DUP.sub(' ', output[1:])
 
-        if self.lang in ["en", "hi", "vi", "ko"] and hasattr(self, 'post_processor') and self.post_processor is not None:
+        if (
+            self.lang in ["en", "hi", "vi", "ko"]
+            and hasattr(self, 'post_processor')
+            and self.post_processor is not None
+        ):
             output = self.post_process(output)
 
         if punct_post_process:

From 420fb96f8b16de776796c965483926bc42e3881a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jinwoo Bae <bbae7050@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 8 Apr 2026 00:04:09 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 03/13] Add Korean TN fraction test cases for particle
 agreement

Signed-off-by: Jinwoo Bae <bbae7050@gmail.com>
---
 .../test_cases_fraction.txt                      | 16 +++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_fraction.txt b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_fraction.txt
index a183be59b..fc39fd495 100644
--- a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_fraction.txt
+++ b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_fraction.txt
@@ -11,4 +11,18 @@
 1과1/3~일과 삼분의 일
 1과√1/4~일과 사분의 루트 일
 3분의1~삼분의 일
-121분의3221~백이십일분의 삼천이백이십일
\ No newline at end of file
+121분의3221~백이십일분의 삼천이백이십일
+이번 경기의 3/5이 중요하다~이번 경기의 오분의 삼 이 중요하다
+전체 구역의 4/7이 통제되었다~전체 구역의 칠분의 사가 통제되었다
+설문 응답자의 9/10 이 찬성했다~설문 응답자의 십분의 구가 찬성했다
+그 중 2/3은 성공했다~그 중 삼분의 이는 성공했다
+참가자의 5/8이 탈락했다~참가자의 팔분의 오가 탈락했다
+참가자의 6/7 이 통과했다~참가자의 칠분의 육 이 통과했다
+전체의 3/4 이 감소했다~전체의 사분의 삼 이 감소했다
+응답자의 2/5이 반대했다~응답자의 오분의 이가 반대했다
+학생의 7/9 이 합격했다~학생의 구분의 칠 이 합격했다
+전체의 1/2 이 남았다~전체의 이분의 일 이 남았다
+그 중 4/5이 성공했다~그 중 오분의 사가 성공했다
+전체의 5/6이 완료되었다~전체의 육분의 오가 완료되었다
+참가자의 3/8이 탈락했다~참가자의 팔분의 삼 이 탈락했다
+응답자의 6/10 이 동의했다~응답자의 십분의 육 이 동의했다
\ No newline at end of file

From ecf34ccb8657f0e91852657750fa310d29cd128d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jinwoo Bae <bbae7050@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Apr 2026 12:18:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 04/13] Fix Korean fraction verbalization with particle-aware
 handling and remove post_processing dependency

Signed-off-by: Jinwoo Bae <bbae7050@gmail.com>
---
 .../text_normalization/ko/taggers/fraction.py |  22 +++-
 .../ko/verbalizers/fraction.py                | 108 ++++++++++++++++--
 .../ko/verbalizers/post_processing.py         |  65 -----------
 .../ko/verbalizers/verbalize_final.py         |   2 +-
 .../text_normalization/normalize.py           |   6 +-
 .../test_cases_fraction.txt                   |   6 +-
 6 files changed, 124 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/post_processing.py

diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/fraction.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/fraction.py
index 2163f5f7f..6181e82d1 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/fraction.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/fraction.py
@@ -81,6 +81,26 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
             + numerator_component
         )
 
+        # Optional particles following the fraction
+        particle_subject = (
+            pynutil.insert('morphosyntactic_features: "분의_subject"')
+            + (pynutil.delete("이") | pynutil.delete("가"))
+        )
+        particle_topic = (
+            pynutil.insert('morphosyntactic_features: "분의_topic"')
+            + (pynutil.delete("은") | pynutil.delete("는"))
+        )
+        particle_object = (
+            pynutil.insert('morphosyntactic_features: "분의_object"')
+            + (pynutil.delete("을") | pynutil.delete("를"))
+        )
+
+        optional_particle = pynini.closure(
+            pynutil.insert(NEMO_SPACE) + (particle_subject | particle_topic | particle_object),
+            0,
+            1,
+        )
+        
         # Optional minus sign
         optional_sign = (
             pynutil.insert(f'negative: {DOUBLE_QUOTE}')
@@ -90,7 +110,7 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
         )
 
         # Combine full graph
-        graph = pynini.closure(optional_sign, 0, 1) + (graph_fraction_slash | graph_fraction_word)
+        graph = pynini.closure(optional_sign, 0, 1) + (graph_fraction_slash | graph_fraction_word) + optional_particle
         self.graph = graph.optimize()
         final_graph = self.add_tokens(graph)
         self.fst = final_graph.optimize()
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
index bafbf133d..5886d408c 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.graph_utils import NEMO_NOT_QUOTE, NEMO_SPACE, GraphFst, delete_space
 
-
 class FractionFst(GraphFst):
     """
     Finite state transducer for verbalizing Korean fractions, e.g.
@@ -60,7 +59,46 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             + numerator_component
         )
 
-        # Match and delete integer_part field (e.g., "2" in "2과3분의1")
+        # Handle subject particle feature (분의_subject)
+        # Insert default particle "이" (will be corrected later via rewrite rules)
+        subject_suffix = (
+            pynutil.delete(NEMO_SPACE)
+            + pynutil.delete('morphosyntactic_features:')
+            + delete_space
+            + pynutil.delete('"분의_subject"')
+            + delete_space
+            + pynutil.insert("이")   # 일단 기본값
+        )
+
+        # Handle topic particle feature (분의_topic)
+        topic_suffix = (
+            pynutil.delete(NEMO_SPACE)
+            + pynutil.delete('morphosyntactic_features:')
+            + delete_space
+            + pynutil.delete('"분의_topic"')
+            + delete_space
+            + pynutil.insert("은")
+        )
+
+        # Handle object particle feature (분의_object)
+        object_suffix = (
+            pynutil.delete(NEMO_SPACE)
+            + pynutil.delete('morphosyntactic_features:')
+            + delete_space
+            + pynutil.delete('"분의_object"')
+            + delete_space
+            + pynutil.insert("을")
+        )
+        
+        # Combine fraction + optional particle suffix
+        # Particle is always inserted first in default form and later corrected
+        graph_fraction_all = (
+            graph_fraction
+            + pynini.closure(subject_suffix | topic_suffix | object_suffix, 0, 1)
+        )
+               
+        # Handle integer + fraction (e.g., "2과 3/4")
+        # integer_part is removed and replaced with proper spacing
         graph_integer = (
             pynutil.delete('integer_part:')
             + delete_space
@@ -69,9 +107,10 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             + pynutil.delete('"')
             + pynutil.insert(NEMO_SPACE)
         )
-        graph_integer_fraction = graph_integer + delete_space + graph_fraction
-
-        # Match and delete optional negative field (e.g., "마이너스")
+        # Combine integer part with fraction
+        graph_integer_fraction = graph_integer + delete_space + graph_fraction_all
+        
+        # Handle optional negative prefix (e.g., "마이너스")
         optional_sign = (
             pynutil.delete('negative:')
             + delete_space
@@ -82,9 +121,58 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             + pynutil.insert(NEMO_SPACE)
         )
 
-        # Final graph handles optional negative + (integer + fraction | fraction only)
-        graph = pynini.closure(optional_sign, 0, 1) + (graph_integer_fraction | graph_fraction)
-
-        # Final optimized verbalizer FST
+        # Final structure:
+        # [optional negative] + (integer + fraction OR fraction only)
+        graph = pynini.closure(optional_sign, 0, 1) + (graph_integer_fraction | graph_fraction_all)
+        
+        # Remove token wrappers
         final_graph = self.delete_tokens(graph)
-        self.fst = final_graph.optimize()
+        
+        # Sigma for rewrite context (entire string)
+        sigma = pynini.closure(NEMO_NOT_QUOTE | NEMO_SPACE)
+        
+        # Fix subject particle agreement (이 → 가 for vowel-ending numerals)
+        # e.g., 사이 → 사가, 구이 → 구가
+        subject_rewrite = pynini.cdrewrite(
+            pynini.union(
+                pynini.cross("이이", "이가"),
+                pynini.cross("사이", "사가"),
+                pynini.cross("오이", "오가"),
+                pynini.cross("구이", "구가"),
+            ),
+            "",
+            "",
+            sigma,
+        )
+        
+        # Fix topic particle agreement (은 → 는)
+        # e.g., 이은 → 이는, 사은 → 사는
+        topic_rewrite = pynini.cdrewrite(
+            pynini.union(
+                pynini.cross("이은", "이는"),
+                pynini.cross("사은", "사는"),
+                pynini.cross("오은", "오는"),
+                pynini.cross("구은", "구는"),
+            ),
+            "",
+            "",
+            sigma,
+        )
+
+        # Fix object particle agreement (을 → 를)
+        # e.g., 오을 → 오를, 이을 → 이를
+        object_rewrite = pynini.cdrewrite(
+            pynini.union(
+                pynini.cross("이을", "이를"),
+                pynini.cross("사을", "사를"),
+                pynini.cross("오을", "오를"),
+                pynini.cross("구을", "구를"),
+            ),
+            "",
+            "",
+            sigma,
+        )
+        
+        # Apply all rewrite rules sequentially and final optimized FST
+        final_graph = final_graph @ subject_rewrite @ topic_rewrite @ object_rewrite
+        self.fst = final_graph.optimize()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/post_processing.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/post_processing.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 45fcb259f..000000000
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/post_processing.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2025, NVIDIA CORPORATION.  All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-import os
-import pynini
-from pynini.lib import pynutil
-
-from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.graph_utils import NEMO_SIGMA, NEMO_SPACE, generator_main
-from nemo_text_processing.utils.logging import logger
-
-
-class PostProcessingFst:
-    def __init__(self, cache_dir: str = None, overwrite_cache: bool = False):
-        far_file = None
-        if cache_dir is not None and cache_dir != "None":
-            os.makedirs(cache_dir, exist_ok=True)
-            far_file = os.path.join(cache_dir, "ko_tn_post_processing.far")
-
-        if not overwrite_cache and far_file and os.path.exists(far_file):
-            self.fst = pynini.Far(far_file, mode="r")["post_process_graph"]
-            logger.info(f"Post processing graph was restored from {far_file}.")
-        else:
-            self.fst = self.get_postprocess_graph()
-            if far_file:
-                generator_main(far_file, {"post_process_graph": self.fst})
-
-    def get_postprocess_graph(self):
-        delete_space = pynutil.delete(NEMO_SPACE)
-
-        vowel_final = pynini.union("아", "야", "어", "여", "오", "요", "우", "유", "이", "애", "에", "사", "오", "구")
-
-        rule_i_to_ga = pynini.cdrewrite(
-            delete_space + pynini.cross("이 ", "가 "),
-            vowel_final,
-            "",
-            NEMO_SIGMA,
-        )
-
-        rule_eun_to_neun = pynini.cdrewrite(
-            delete_space + pynini.cross("은 ", "는 "),
-            vowel_final,
-            "",
-            NEMO_SIGMA,
-        )
-
-        rule_eul_to_reul = pynini.cdrewrite(
-            delete_space + pynini.cross("을 ", "를 "),
-            vowel_final,
-            "",
-            NEMO_SIGMA,
-        )
-
-        graph = rule_i_to_ga @ rule_eun_to_neun @ rule_eul_to_reul
-        return graph.optimize()
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/verbalize_final.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/verbalize_final.py
index 0271a4b7b..1c0fabd1b 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/verbalize_final.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/verbalize_final.py
@@ -69,4 +69,4 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True, cache_dir: str = None, overwrite_
             self.fst = verbalizer.optimize()
 
             if far_file:
-                generator_main(far_file, {"verbalize": self.fst})
+                generator_main(far_file, {"verbalize": self.fst})
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py
index 12661bd3d..7682ef047 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py
@@ -187,11 +187,7 @@ def __init__(
                 self.post_processor = PostProcessingFst(cache_dir=cache_dir, overwrite_cache=overwrite_cache)
         elif lang == 'ko':
             from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.tokenize_and_classify import ClassifyFst
-            from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.verbalizers.post_processing import PostProcessingFst
             from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.verbalizers.verbalize_final import VerbalizeFinalFst
-
-            if post_process:
-                self.post_processor = PostProcessingFst(cache_dir=cache_dir, overwrite_cache=overwrite_cache)
         else:
             raise NotImplementedError(f"Language {lang} has not been supported yet.")
 
@@ -393,7 +389,7 @@ def normalize(
         output = SPACE_DUP.sub(' ', output[1:])
 
         if (
-            self.lang in ["en", "hi", "vi", "ko"]
+            self.lang in ["en", "hi", "vi"]
             and hasattr(self, 'post_processor')
             and self.post_processor is not None
         ):
diff --git a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_fraction.txt b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_fraction.txt
index fc39fd495..65e5049b8 100644
--- a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_fraction.txt
+++ b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_fraction.txt
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@
 1과√1/4~일과 사분의 루트 일
 3분의1~삼분의 일
 121분의3221~백이십일분의 삼천이백이십일
-이번 경기의 3/5이 중요하다~이번 경기의 오분의 삼 이 중요하다
+이번 경기의 3/5이 중요하다~이번 경기의 오분의 삼이 중요하다
 전체 구역의 4/7이 통제되었다~전체 구역의 칠분의 사가 통제되었다
-설문 응답자의 9/10 이 찬성했다~설문 응답자의 십분의 구가 찬성했다
+설문 응답자의 9/10이 찬성했다~설문 응답자의 십분의 구가 찬성했다
 그 중 2/3은 성공했다~그 중 삼분의 이는 성공했다
 참가자의 5/8이 탈락했다~참가자의 팔분의 오가 탈락했다
 참가자의 6/7 이 통과했다~참가자의 칠분의 육 이 통과했다
@@ -24,5 +24,5 @@
 전체의 1/2 이 남았다~전체의 이분의 일 이 남았다
 그 중 4/5이 성공했다~그 중 오분의 사가 성공했다
 전체의 5/6이 완료되었다~전체의 육분의 오가 완료되었다
-참가자의 3/8이 탈락했다~참가자의 팔분의 삼 이 탈락했다
+참가자의 3/8이 탈락했다~참가자의 팔분의 삼이 탈락했다
 응답자의 6/10 이 동의했다~응답자의 십분의 육 이 동의했다
\ No newline at end of file

From 7acdb886c04c102814c4a6b7645a4627f0f89fbb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Apr 2026 20:02:04 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 05/13] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 .../text_normalization/ko/taggers/fraction.py | 17 +++++-------
 .../ko/verbalizers/fraction.py                | 26 +++++++++----------
 .../ko/verbalizers/verbalize_final.py         |  2 +-
 .../text_normalization/normalize.py           |  6 +----
 4 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/fraction.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/fraction.py
index 6181e82d1..64ea0c56e 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/fraction.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/fraction.py
@@ -82,17 +82,14 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
         )
 
         # Optional particles following the fraction
-        particle_subject = (
-            pynutil.insert('morphosyntactic_features: "분의_subject"')
-            + (pynutil.delete("이") | pynutil.delete("가"))
+        particle_subject = pynutil.insert('morphosyntactic_features: "분의_subject"') + (
+            pynutil.delete("이") | pynutil.delete("가")
         )
-        particle_topic = (
-            pynutil.insert('morphosyntactic_features: "분의_topic"')
-            + (pynutil.delete("은") | pynutil.delete("는"))
+        particle_topic = pynutil.insert('morphosyntactic_features: "분의_topic"') + (
+            pynutil.delete("은") | pynutil.delete("는")
         )
-        particle_object = (
-            pynutil.insert('morphosyntactic_features: "분의_object"')
-            + (pynutil.delete("을") | pynutil.delete("를"))
+        particle_object = pynutil.insert('morphosyntactic_features: "분의_object"') + (
+            pynutil.delete("을") | pynutil.delete("를")
         )
 
         optional_particle = pynini.closure(
@@ -100,7 +97,7 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
             0,
             1,
         )
-        
+
         # Optional minus sign
         optional_sign = (
             pynutil.insert(f'negative: {DOUBLE_QUOTE}')
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
index 5886d408c..84e9db160 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.graph_utils import NEMO_NOT_QUOTE, NEMO_SPACE, GraphFst, delete_space
 
+
 class FractionFst(GraphFst):
     """
     Finite state transducer for verbalizing Korean fractions, e.g.
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             + delete_space
             + pynutil.delete('"분의_subject"')
             + delete_space
-            + pynutil.insert("이")   # 일단 기본값
+            + pynutil.insert("이")  # 일단 기본값
         )
 
         # Handle topic particle feature (분의_topic)
@@ -89,14 +90,11 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             + delete_space
             + pynutil.insert("을")
         )
-        
+
         # Combine fraction + optional particle suffix
         # Particle is always inserted first in default form and later corrected
-        graph_fraction_all = (
-            graph_fraction
-            + pynini.closure(subject_suffix | topic_suffix | object_suffix, 0, 1)
-        )
-               
+        graph_fraction_all = graph_fraction + pynini.closure(subject_suffix | topic_suffix | object_suffix, 0, 1)
+
         # Handle integer + fraction (e.g., "2과 3/4")
         # integer_part is removed and replaced with proper spacing
         graph_integer = (
@@ -109,7 +107,7 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         )
         # Combine integer part with fraction
         graph_integer_fraction = graph_integer + delete_space + graph_fraction_all
-        
+
         # Handle optional negative prefix (e.g., "마이너스")
         optional_sign = (
             pynutil.delete('negative:')
@@ -124,13 +122,13 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         # Final structure:
         # [optional negative] + (integer + fraction OR fraction only)
         graph = pynini.closure(optional_sign, 0, 1) + (graph_integer_fraction | graph_fraction_all)
-        
+
         # Remove token wrappers
         final_graph = self.delete_tokens(graph)
-        
+
         # Sigma for rewrite context (entire string)
         sigma = pynini.closure(NEMO_NOT_QUOTE | NEMO_SPACE)
-        
+
         # Fix subject particle agreement (이 → 가 for vowel-ending numerals)
         # e.g., 사이 → 사가, 구이 → 구가
         subject_rewrite = pynini.cdrewrite(
@@ -144,7 +142,7 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             "",
             sigma,
         )
-        
+
         # Fix topic particle agreement (은 → 는)
         # e.g., 이은 → 이는, 사은 → 사는
         topic_rewrite = pynini.cdrewrite(
@@ -172,7 +170,7 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             "",
             sigma,
         )
-        
+
         # Apply all rewrite rules sequentially and final optimized FST
         final_graph = final_graph @ subject_rewrite @ topic_rewrite @ object_rewrite
-        self.fst = final_graph.optimize()
\ No newline at end of file
+        self.fst = final_graph.optimize()
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/verbalize_final.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/verbalize_final.py
index 1c0fabd1b..0271a4b7b 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/verbalize_final.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/verbalize_final.py
@@ -69,4 +69,4 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True, cache_dir: str = None, overwrite_
             self.fst = verbalizer.optimize()
 
             if far_file:
-                generator_main(far_file, {"verbalize": self.fst})
\ No newline at end of file
+                generator_main(far_file, {"verbalize": self.fst})
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py
index 7682ef047..5e2f9ebb5 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/normalize.py
@@ -388,11 +388,7 @@ def normalize(
                 return text
         output = SPACE_DUP.sub(' ', output[1:])
 
-        if (
-            self.lang in ["en", "hi", "vi"]
-            and hasattr(self, 'post_processor')
-            and self.post_processor is not None
-        ):
+        if self.lang in ["en", "hi", "vi"] and hasattr(self, 'post_processor') and self.post_processor is not None:
             output = self.post_process(output)
 
         if punct_post_process:

From f47b3708f2573d0d251fa9dc90adb959313677d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jinwoo Bae <bbae7050@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 10:19:44 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 06/13] Fix date and fraction normalization issues based on
 review feedback

Signed-off-by: Jinwoo Bae <bbae7050@gmail.com>
---
 .../text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py     | 17 ++++-----
 .../ko/verbalizers/fraction.py                | 36 +++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
index 45943e1a3..254eebfc0 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
@@ -226,8 +226,7 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
                 + insert_space
                 + pynutil.insert("year: \"")
                 + (YEAR_ERA_1TO4 @ graph_cardinal)
-                + pynutil.delete("년")
-                + pynutil.insert("년")
+                + pynini.accep("년")
                 + pynutil.insert("\"")
             )
             |
@@ -235,8 +234,7 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
             (
                 pynutil.insert("year: \"")
                 + (YEAR_NO_ERA_1TO4 @ graph_cardinal)
-                + pynutil.delete("년")
-                + pynutil.insert("년")
+                + pynini.accep("년")
                 + pynutil.insert("\"")
             )
         ).optimize()
@@ -244,18 +242,16 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
         individual_month_component = (
             pynutil.insert("month: \"")
             + month_cardinal
-            + pynutil.delete("월")
-            + pynutil.insert("월")
+            + pynini.accep("월")
             + pynutil.insert("\"")
         )
 
-        month_josa = pynini.union("에", "은", "는", "에는").optimize()
+        month_josa = pynini.union("에", "은", "는", "에는")
 
         individual_month_component_with_josa = (
             pynutil.insert('month: "')
             + month_cardinal
-            + pynutil.delete("월")
-            + pynutil.insert("월")
+            + pynini.accep("월")
             + pynini.closure(month_josa, 0, 1)
             + pynutil.insert('"')
         ).optimize()
@@ -263,8 +259,7 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
         individual_day_component = (
             pynutil.insert("day: \"")
             + cardinal_lz
-            + pynutil.delete("일")
-            + pynutil.insert("일")
+            + pynini.accep("일")
             + pynutil.insert("\"")
         )
 
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
index 84e9db160..10a5d7781 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
@@ -132,12 +132,12 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         # Fix subject particle agreement (이 → 가 for vowel-ending numerals)
         # e.g., 사이 → 사가, 구이 → 구가
         subject_rewrite = pynini.cdrewrite(
-            pynini.union(
-                pynini.cross("이이", "이가"),
-                pynini.cross("사이", "사가"),
-                pynini.cross("오이", "오가"),
-                pynini.cross("구이", "구가"),
-            ),
+            pynini.string_map([
+                ("이이", "이가"),
+                ("사이", "사가"),
+                ("오이", "오가"),
+                ("구이", "구가"),
+            ]),
             "",
             "",
             sigma,
@@ -146,12 +146,12 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         # Fix topic particle agreement (은 → 는)
         # e.g., 이은 → 이는, 사은 → 사는
         topic_rewrite = pynini.cdrewrite(
-            pynini.union(
-                pynini.cross("이은", "이는"),
-                pynini.cross("사은", "사는"),
-                pynini.cross("오은", "오는"),
-                pynini.cross("구은", "구는"),
-            ),
+            pynini.string_map([
+                ("이은", "이는"),
+                ("사은", "사는"),
+                ("오은", "오는"),
+                ("구은", "구는"),
+            ]),
             "",
             "",
             sigma,
@@ -160,12 +160,12 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         # Fix object particle agreement (을 → 를)
         # e.g., 오을 → 오를, 이을 → 이를
         object_rewrite = pynini.cdrewrite(
-            pynini.union(
-                pynini.cross("이을", "이를"),
-                pynini.cross("사을", "사를"),
-                pynini.cross("오을", "오를"),
-                pynini.cross("구을", "구를"),
-            ),
+            pynini.string_map([
+                ("이을", "이를"),
+                ("사을", "사를"),
+                ("오을", "오를"),
+                ("구을", "구를"),
+            ]),
             "",
             "",
             sigma,

From be9a45c8f6b54f5536ca1417d35227db9650cd61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Apr 2026 17:23:52 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 07/13] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 .../text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py     | 12 +-----
 .../ko/verbalizers/fraction.py                | 42 +++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
index 254eebfc0..9748abc49 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
@@ -240,10 +240,7 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
         ).optimize()
 
         individual_month_component = (
-            pynutil.insert("month: \"")
-            + month_cardinal
-            + pynini.accep("월")
-            + pynutil.insert("\"")
+            pynutil.insert("month: \"") + month_cardinal + pynini.accep("월") + pynutil.insert("\"")
         )
 
         month_josa = pynini.union("에", "은", "는", "에는")
@@ -256,12 +253,7 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
             + pynutil.insert('"')
         ).optimize()
 
-        individual_day_component = (
-            pynutil.insert("day: \"")
-            + cardinal_lz
-            + pynini.accep("일")
-            + pynutil.insert("\"")
-        )
+        individual_day_component = pynutil.insert("day: \"") + cardinal_lz + pynini.accep("일") + pynutil.insert("\"")
 
         week_full_word_acceptor = pynini.project(week, "output")
         week_component_full_word = pynutil.insert("weekday: \"") + week_full_word_acceptor + pynutil.insert("\"")
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
index 10a5d7781..472b8a86d 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
@@ -132,12 +132,14 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         # Fix subject particle agreement (이 → 가 for vowel-ending numerals)
         # e.g., 사이 → 사가, 구이 → 구가
         subject_rewrite = pynini.cdrewrite(
-            pynini.string_map([
-                ("이이", "이가"),
-                ("사이", "사가"),
-                ("오이", "오가"),
-                ("구이", "구가"),
-            ]),
+            pynini.string_map(
+                [
+                    ("이이", "이가"),
+                    ("사이", "사가"),
+                    ("오이", "오가"),
+                    ("구이", "구가"),
+                ]
+            ),
             "",
             "",
             sigma,
@@ -146,12 +148,14 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         # Fix topic particle agreement (은 → 는)
         # e.g., 이은 → 이는, 사은 → 사는
         topic_rewrite = pynini.cdrewrite(
-            pynini.string_map([
-                ("이은", "이는"),
-                ("사은", "사는"),
-                ("오은", "오는"),
-                ("구은", "구는"),
-            ]),
+            pynini.string_map(
+                [
+                    ("이은", "이는"),
+                    ("사은", "사는"),
+                    ("오은", "오는"),
+                    ("구은", "구는"),
+                ]
+            ),
             "",
             "",
             sigma,
@@ -160,12 +164,14 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         # Fix object particle agreement (을 → 를)
         # e.g., 오을 → 오를, 이을 → 이를
         object_rewrite = pynini.cdrewrite(
-            pynini.string_map([
-                ("이을", "이를"),
-                ("사을", "사를"),
-                ("오을", "오를"),
-                ("구을", "구를"),
-            ]),
+            pynini.string_map(
+                [
+                    ("이을", "이를"),
+                    ("사을", "사를"),
+                    ("오을", "오를"),
+                    ("구을", "구를"),
+                ]
+            ),
             "",
             "",
             sigma,

From cbf4bd4667719b78c6aebdc34b0af86e60c04474 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jinwoo Bae <bbae7050@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Jul 2026 09:03:17 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 08/13] Add Korean TN serial and review fixes

Signed-off-by: Jinwoo Bae <bbae7050@gmail.com>
---
 .../text_normalization/ko/data/whitelist.tsv  |  1 +
 .../text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py     | 31 ++++--
 .../text_normalization/ko/taggers/serial.py   | 96 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../ko/taggers/telephone.py                   | 17 +++-
 .../ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py       |  3 +
 .../test_cases_serial.txt                     | 20 ++++
 tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_serial.py  | 31 ++++++
 .../ko/test_sparrowhawk_normalization.sh      |  5 +
 8 files changed, 194 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/serial.py
 create mode 100644 tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_serial.txt
 create mode 100644 tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_serial.py

diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/data/whitelist.tsv b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/data/whitelist.tsv
index 82dc1220e..d0bdf4caf 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/data/whitelist.tsv
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/data/whitelist.tsv
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ No.	번호
 )	오른쪽 괄호
 +	더하기
 -	마이너스
+=	은
 Σ	시그마
 η	에타
 κ	카파
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
index 9748abc49..4914b96d9 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
@@ -84,6 +84,8 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
         era = pynini.union("기원전", "기원후").optimize()
         signs = pynutil.delete("/") | pynutil.delete(".") | pynutil.delete("-")
 
+        date_sep = signs + pynini.closure(delete_space, 0, 1) + insert_space
+        
         # Strict digit ranges for M/D/Y and Y/M/D
         _d = pynini.union(*[pynini.accep(str(i)) for i in range(10)])
         _1to9 = pynini.union(*[pynini.accep(str(i)) for i in range(1, 10)])
@@ -185,15 +187,25 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
         graph_basic_date = (
             pynini.closure(era_component + insert_space, 0, 1)
             + year_component_y4_strict
-            + signs
-            + insert_space
+            + date_sep
             + (pynutil.insert("month: \"") + month_cardinal + pynutil.insert("월") + pynutil.insert("\""))
-            + signs
-            + insert_space
+            + date_sep
             + (pynutil.insert("day: \"") + cardinal_lz + pynutil.insert("일") + pynutil.insert("\""))
-            + pynini.closure(pynini.closure(insert_space, 0, 1) + week_component, 0, 1)
+            + pynini.closure(insert_space + week_component, 0, 1)
         )
-
+        graph_basic_date_with_dot_weekday = (
+            pynini.closure(era_component + insert_space, 0, 1)
+            + year_component_y4_strict
+            + date_sep
+            + (pynutil.insert("month: \"") + month_cardinal + pynutil.insert("월") + pynutil.insert("\""))
+            + date_sep
+            + (pynutil.insert("day: \"") + cardinal_lz + pynutil.insert("일") + pynutil.insert("\""))
+            + pynutil.delete(".")
+            + pynini.closure(delete_space, 0, 1)
+            + insert_space
+            + week_component
+        ).optimize()
+        
         # American: MM/DD/YYYY
         graph_american_date = (
             month_component_md
@@ -298,13 +310,14 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
         ).optimize()
 
         graph_all_date = (
-            graph_basic_date
+            graph_basic_date_with_dot_weekday
+            | graph_basic_date
             | graph_american_date
             | graph_european_date
             | graph_individual_component
             | graph_individual_component_combined
             | era_nendai
         ).optimize()
-
+        
         final_graph = self.add_tokens(graph_all_date)
-        self.fst = final_graph.optimize()
+        self.fst = final_graph.optimize()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/serial.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/serial.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3597ea3b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/serial.py
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025 NVIDIA CORPORATION.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import pynini
+from pynini.lib import pynutil
+
+from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.graph_utils import GraphFst, delete_space
+from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.utils import get_abs_path
+
+
+class SerialFst(GraphFst):
+    """
+    Finite state transducer for classifying Korean serial/number-like strings.
+
+    This class is signal-based, similar to MoneyFst. It only reads digits
+    one by one when the input contains a clear signal such as "번호" or "연락처".
+
+    Example inputs and outputs:
+        번호는 0987654321 -> name: "번호는 영구팔칠육오사삼이일"
+        휴대폰 번호는 0987654321 -> tokens { name: "휴대폰" } tokens { name: "번호는 영구팔칠육오사삼이일" }
+        연락처는 12345678 -> name: "연락처는 일이삼사오육칠팔"
+
+    Args:
+        deterministic: If True, provide a single transduction;
+            if False, allow multiple transductions.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
+        super().__init__(name="serial", kind="classify", deterministic=deterministic)
+
+        sp = pynini.closure(delete_space)
+
+        # Digit mapping. Force 0 -> "영" for serial/number readings.
+        digit = pynini.string_file(get_abs_path("data/number/digit.tsv")).optimize()
+        zero_map = pynini.cross("0", "영")
+        digit_ko = (digit | zero_map).optimize()
+
+        # Optional separators inside number-like strings.
+        # These separators are deleted so that the number is read digit-by-digit.
+        # Examples:
+        #   123-456 -> 일이삼사오육
+        #   123.456 -> 일이삼사오육
+        #   123 456 -> 일이삼사오육
+        sep = pynutil.delete("-") | pynutil.delete(".") | pynutil.delete(" ")
+
+        # Require at least 3 digits.
+        # This covers common serial-like numbers such as reservation numbers,
+        # verification numbers, account numbers, and context-based phone-number strings.
+        # Very short numbers such as "번호는 12" are left to the existing cardinal path.
+        min_three_digits = (
+            digit_ko
+            + pynini.closure(sep, 0, 1)
+            + digit_ko
+            + pynini.closure(sep, 0, 1)
+            + digit_ko
+        )
+
+        serial_body = (
+            min_three_digits
+            + pynini.closure(pynini.closure(sep, 0, 1) + digit_ko)
+        ).optimize()
+
+        # Minimal context signals.
+        # "번호는" covers 휴대폰 번호는, 전화 번호는, 계좌 번호는, 예약 번호는, etc.,
+        # because the preceding noun can stay outside the serial token.
+        signal = pynini.string_map([
+            ("번호는", "번호는"),
+            ("번호가", "번호가"),
+            ("번호를", "번호를"),
+
+            ("연락처는", "연락처는"),
+            ("연락처가", "연락처가"),
+            ("연락처를", "연락처를"),
+        ]).optimize()
+
+        graph = (
+            pynutil.insert('name: "')
+            + signal
+            + pynutil.insert('" } tokens { name: "')
+            + sp
+            + serial_body
+            + pynutil.insert('"')
+        ).optimize()
+
+        self.fst = graph.optimize()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py
index 90f31bb1f..e014b15ce 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         zero_map = pynini.cross("0", "영")
         digit_ko = (digit | zero_map).optimize()
 
+        two_digits = digit_ko**2
         three_digits = digit_ko**3
         four_digits = digit_ko**4
 
@@ -80,7 +81,21 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         last4 = four_digits
 
         # consume '-' or '.' between middle and last blocks
-        number_part_core = area_part + mid + delete_sep + insert_block_space + last4
+        intl_mobile_local = (
+            two_digits
+            + pynini.closure(pynutil.delete(" ") | delete_sep, 0, 1)
+            + insert_space
+            + four_digits
+            + delete_sep
+            + insert_space
+            + four_digits
+        )
+        
+        number_part_core = (
+            area_part + mid + delete_sep + insert_block_space + last4
+            | intl_mobile_local
+        ).optimize()
+        
         number_part = pynutil.insert('number_part: "') + number_part_core + pynutil.insert('"')
 
         # final graph: with or without country code
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py
index e2a3a5890..170a4a485 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.time import TimeFst
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.whitelist import WhiteListFst
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.word import WordFst
+from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.serial import SerialFst
 from nemo_text_processing.utils.logging import logger
 
 
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@ def __init__(
             telephone = TelephoneFst(deterministic=deterministic)
             measure = MeasureFst(cardinal=cardinal, decimal=decimal, fraction=fraction, deterministic=deterministic)
             electronic = ElectronicFst(cardinal=cardinal, deterministic=deterministic)
+            serial = SerialFst(deterministic=deterministic)
 
             classify = pynini.union(
                 pynutil.add_weight(cardinal.fst, 1.1),
@@ -100,6 +102,7 @@ def __init__(
                 pynutil.add_weight(whitelist.fst, 1.1),
                 pynutil.add_weight(telephone.fst, 1.1),
                 pynutil.add_weight(electronic.fst, 1.11),
+                pynutil.add_weight(serial.fst, 1.05),
             )
 
             token = pynutil.insert("tokens { ") + classify + pynutil.insert(" }")
diff --git a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_serial.txt b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_serial.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..526ee33a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_serial.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+휴대폰 번호는 0987654321입니다~휴대폰 번호는 영구팔칠육오사삼이일 입니다
+전화 번호는 01090817263입니다~전화 번호는 영일영구영팔일칠이육삼 입니다
+계좌 번호는 70501938462011입니다~계좌 번호는 칠영오영일구삼팔사육이영일일 입니다
+예약 번호는 907입니다~예약 번호는 구영칠 입니다
+예약 번호는 830-291입니다~예약 번호는 팔삼영이구일 입니다
+주문 번호는 4829.7301입니다~주문 번호는 사팔이구칠삼영일 입니다
+인증 번호는 000739입니다~인증 번호는 영영영칠삼구 입니다
+인증 번호는 204060입니다~인증 번호는 이영사영육영 입니다
+배송 번호는 591837462입니다~배송 번호는 오구일팔삼칠사육이 입니다
+회원 번호는 3000456789입니다~회원 번호는 삼영영영사오육칠팔구 입니다
+연락처는 84502719입니다~연락처는 팔사오영이칠일구 입니다
+연락처가 77008899입니다~연락처가 칠칠영영팔팔구구 입니다
+연락처를 604 812 930으로 저장했습니다~연락처를 육영사팔일이구삼영 으로 저장했습니다
+번호는 12입니다~번호는 십이 입니다
+배송 번호는 591837462입니다~배송 번호는 오구일팔삼칠사육이 입니다
+회원 번호는 3000456789입니다~회원 번호는 삼영영영사오육칠팔구 입니다
+접수 번호는 812709입니다~접수 번호는 팔일이칠영구 입니다
+신청 번호는 40682015입니다~신청 번호는 사영육팔이영일오 입니다
+확인 번호는 970045입니다~확인 번호는 구칠영영사오 입니다
+관리 번호는 25081973입니다~관리 번호는 이오영팔일구칠삼 입니다
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_serial.py b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_serial.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b2414e58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_serial.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2025, NVIDIA CORPORATION.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import pytest
+from parameterized import parameterized
+
+from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.normalize import Normalizer
+
+from ..utils import CACHE_DIR, parse_test_case_file
+
+
+class TestSerial:
+    normalizer_ko = Normalizer(input_case='cased', lang='ko', cache_dir=CACHE_DIR, overwrite_cache=True)
+
+    @parameterized.expand(parse_test_case_file('ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_serial.txt'))
+    @pytest.mark.run_only_on('CPU')
+    @pytest.mark.unit
+    def test_norm(self, test_input, expected):
+        pred = self.normalizer_ko.normalize(test_input, verbose=False, punct_post_process=False)
+        assert pred == expected, f"input: {test_input}"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_sparrowhawk_normalization.sh b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_sparrowhawk_normalization.sh
index 9adbc152b..52091fb11 100644
--- a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_sparrowhawk_normalization.sh
+++ b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_sparrowhawk_normalization.sh
@@ -76,6 +76,11 @@ testTNElectronicText() {
   runtest $input
 }
 
+testTNSerialText() {
+ input=$TEST_DIR/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_serial.txt
+  runtest $input
+}
+
 # Remove all command-line arguments
 shift $#
 

From c747dafda4d815149370b9049cea53cabfa622f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Jul 2026 20:34:17 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 09/13] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 .../text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py     |  8 ++---
 .../text_normalization/ko/taggers/serial.py   | 36 ++++++++-----------
 .../ko/taggers/telephone.py                   |  9 ++---
 .../ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py       |  2 +-
 tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_serial.py  |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
index 4914b96d9..8b5d89d91 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/date.py
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
         signs = pynutil.delete("/") | pynutil.delete(".") | pynutil.delete("-")
 
         date_sep = signs + pynini.closure(delete_space, 0, 1) + insert_space
-        
+
         # Strict digit ranges for M/D/Y and Y/M/D
         _d = pynini.union(*[pynini.accep(str(i)) for i in range(10)])
         _1to9 = pynini.union(*[pynini.accep(str(i)) for i in range(1, 10)])
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
             + insert_space
             + week_component
         ).optimize()
-        
+
         # American: MM/DD/YYYY
         graph_american_date = (
             month_component_md
@@ -318,6 +318,6 @@ def __init__(self, cardinal: GraphFst, deterministic: bool = True):
             | graph_individual_component_combined
             | era_nendai
         ).optimize()
-        
+
         final_graph = self.add_tokens(graph_all_date)
-        self.fst = final_graph.optimize()
\ No newline at end of file
+        self.fst = final_graph.optimize()
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/serial.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/serial.py
index 3597ea3b9..3eb4a6d63 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/serial.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/serial.py
@@ -58,31 +58,23 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         # This covers common serial-like numbers such as reservation numbers,
         # verification numbers, account numbers, and context-based phone-number strings.
         # Very short numbers such as "번호는 12" are left to the existing cardinal path.
-        min_three_digits = (
-            digit_ko
-            + pynini.closure(sep, 0, 1)
-            + digit_ko
-            + pynini.closure(sep, 0, 1)
-            + digit_ko
-        )
-
-        serial_body = (
-            min_three_digits
-            + pynini.closure(pynini.closure(sep, 0, 1) + digit_ko)
-        ).optimize()
+        min_three_digits = digit_ko + pynini.closure(sep, 0, 1) + digit_ko + pynini.closure(sep, 0, 1) + digit_ko
+
+        serial_body = (min_three_digits + pynini.closure(pynini.closure(sep, 0, 1) + digit_ko)).optimize()
 
         # Minimal context signals.
         # "번호는" covers 휴대폰 번호는, 전화 번호는, 계좌 번호는, 예약 번호는, etc.,
         # because the preceding noun can stay outside the serial token.
-        signal = pynini.string_map([
-            ("번호는", "번호는"),
-            ("번호가", "번호가"),
-            ("번호를", "번호를"),
-
-            ("연락처는", "연락처는"),
-            ("연락처가", "연락처가"),
-            ("연락처를", "연락처를"),
-        ]).optimize()
+        signal = pynini.string_map(
+            [
+                ("번호는", "번호는"),
+                ("번호가", "번호가"),
+                ("번호를", "번호를"),
+                ("연락처는", "연락처는"),
+                ("연락처가", "연락처가"),
+                ("연락처를", "연락처를"),
+            ]
+        ).optimize()
 
         graph = (
             pynutil.insert('name: "')
@@ -93,4 +85,4 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             + pynutil.insert('"')
         ).optimize()
 
-        self.fst = graph.optimize()
\ No newline at end of file
+        self.fst = graph.optimize()
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py
index e014b15ce..aee610158 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py
@@ -90,12 +90,9 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             + insert_space
             + four_digits
         )
-        
-        number_part_core = (
-            area_part + mid + delete_sep + insert_block_space + last4
-            | intl_mobile_local
-        ).optimize()
-        
+
+        number_part_core = (area_part + mid + delete_sep + insert_block_space + last4 | intl_mobile_local).optimize()
+
         number_part = pynutil.insert('number_part: "') + number_part_core + pynutil.insert('"')
 
         # final graph: with or without country code
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py
index 170a4a485..4cef486fc 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.money import MoneyFst
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.ordinal import OrdinalFst
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.punctuation import PunctuationFst
+from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.serial import SerialFst
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.telephone import TelephoneFst
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.time import TimeFst
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.whitelist import WhiteListFst
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.word import WordFst
-from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.serial import SerialFst
 from nemo_text_processing.utils.logging import logger
 
 
diff --git a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_serial.py b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_serial.py
index 2b2414e58..314a3174e 100644
--- a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_serial.py
+++ b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_serial.py
@@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ class TestSerial:
     @pytest.mark.unit
     def test_norm(self, test_input, expected):
         pred = self.normalizer_ko.normalize(test_input, verbose=False, punct_post_process=False)
-        assert pred == expected, f"input: {test_input}"
\ No newline at end of file
+        assert pred == expected, f"input: {test_input}"

From 34b869805c11ff610fa6b2f0a19773297c467b53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jinwoo Bae <bbae7050@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Jul 2026 15:08:22 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 10/13] Address Korean TN review feedback

Signed-off-by: Jinwoo Bae <bbae7050@gmail.com>
---
 .../text_normalization/ko/taggers/cardinal.py | 62 ++++++++++++-
 .../text_normalization/ko/taggers/serial.py   | 88 ------------------
 .../ko/taggers/telephone.py                   | 89 +++++++++++++------
 .../ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py       |  2 -
 .../ko/verbalizers/fraction.py                | 35 ++------
 .../test_cases_cardinal.txt                   | 22 ++++-
 .../test_cases_serial.txt                     | 20 -----
 .../test_cases_telephone.txt                  |  8 +-
 tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_serial.py  | 31 -------
 .../ko/test_sparrowhawk_normalization.sh      |  5 --
 10 files changed, 161 insertions(+), 201 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/serial.py
 delete mode 100644 tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_serial.txt
 delete mode 100644 tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_serial.py

diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/cardinal.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/cardinal.py
index e2b0f87e3..142c4a090 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/cardinal.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/cardinal.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 import pynini
 from pynini.lib import pynutil
 
-from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.graph_utils import NEMO_DIGIT, NEMO_SPACE, GraphFst
+from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.graph_utils import NEMO_DIGIT, NEMO_SPACE, GraphFst, delete_space
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.utils import get_abs_path
 
 
@@ -273,7 +273,65 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             graph_1_to_99,
             graph_zero,
         ).optimize()
+        
+        # ----------------------------
+        # Context-based digit-by-digit reading
+        # e.g., 번호는 0987654321 -> 번호는 영구팔칠육오사삼이일
+        #
+        # Keep this separate from graph_num so regular cardinal zero
+        # and place-value behavior remain unchanged.
+
+        serial_space = pynini.closure(delete_space)
+
+        # Exclude 0 from graph_digit and force 0 -> 영.
+        # This avoids ambiguity if digit.tsv has another mapping for 0.
+        graph_digit_one_to_nine = (
+            pynini.difference(NEMO_DIGIT, "0") @ graph_digit
+        ).optimize()
+
+        serial_digit = pynini.union(
+            pynini.cross("0", "영"),
+            graph_digit_one_to_nine,
+        ).optimize()
+
+        # Optional separators between individual digits.
+        serial_separator = pynini.union(
+            pynutil.delete("-"),
+            pynutil.delete("."),
+            pynutil.delete(" "),
+        ).optimize()
 
+        # Require at least three digits.
+        serial_body = (
+            serial_digit
+            + pynini.closure(serial_separator, 0, 1)
+            + serial_digit
+            + pynini.closure(serial_separator, 0, 1)
+            + serial_digit
+            + pynini.closure(
+                pynini.closure(serial_separator, 0, 1) + serial_digit
+            )
+        ).optimize()
+
+        serial_signal = pynini.string_map(
+            [
+                ("번호는", "번호는 "),
+                ("번호가", "번호가 "),
+                ("번호를", "번호를 "),
+                ("연락처는", "연락처는 "),
+                ("연락처가", "연락처가 "),
+                ("연락처를", "연락처를 "),
+            ]
+        ).optimize()
+
+        serial_case = (
+            pynutil.insert('integer: "')
+            + serial_signal
+            + serial_space
+            + serial_body
+            + pynutil.insert('"')
+        ).optimize()
+        
         # ----------------------------
         # Native counting + counters
         # e.g., 3개, 2명, 10살
@@ -319,7 +377,7 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         signed_integer = (minus_prefix | plus_prefix).ques + integer_token
 
         # Prefer accounting-form first, then signed form
-        final_graph = paren_negative | signed_integer | counter_case
+        final_graph = serial_case | paren_negative | signed_integer | counter_case
 
         # Wrap with class tokens and finalize
         final_graph = self.add_tokens(final_graph)
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/serial.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/serial.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 3eb4a6d63..000000000
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/serial.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2025 NVIDIA CORPORATION.  All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-import pynini
-from pynini.lib import pynutil
-
-from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.graph_utils import GraphFst, delete_space
-from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.utils import get_abs_path
-
-
-class SerialFst(GraphFst):
-    """
-    Finite state transducer for classifying Korean serial/number-like strings.
-
-    This class is signal-based, similar to MoneyFst. It only reads digits
-    one by one when the input contains a clear signal such as "번호" or "연락처".
-
-    Example inputs and outputs:
-        번호는 0987654321 -> name: "번호는 영구팔칠육오사삼이일"
-        휴대폰 번호는 0987654321 -> tokens { name: "휴대폰" } tokens { name: "번호는 영구팔칠육오사삼이일" }
-        연락처는 12345678 -> name: "연락처는 일이삼사오육칠팔"
-
-    Args:
-        deterministic: If True, provide a single transduction;
-            if False, allow multiple transductions.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
-        super().__init__(name="serial", kind="classify", deterministic=deterministic)
-
-        sp = pynini.closure(delete_space)
-
-        # Digit mapping. Force 0 -> "영" for serial/number readings.
-        digit = pynini.string_file(get_abs_path("data/number/digit.tsv")).optimize()
-        zero_map = pynini.cross("0", "영")
-        digit_ko = (digit | zero_map).optimize()
-
-        # Optional separators inside number-like strings.
-        # These separators are deleted so that the number is read digit-by-digit.
-        # Examples:
-        #   123-456 -> 일이삼사오육
-        #   123.456 -> 일이삼사오육
-        #   123 456 -> 일이삼사오육
-        sep = pynutil.delete("-") | pynutil.delete(".") | pynutil.delete(" ")
-
-        # Require at least 3 digits.
-        # This covers common serial-like numbers such as reservation numbers,
-        # verification numbers, account numbers, and context-based phone-number strings.
-        # Very short numbers such as "번호는 12" are left to the existing cardinal path.
-        min_three_digits = digit_ko + pynini.closure(sep, 0, 1) + digit_ko + pynini.closure(sep, 0, 1) + digit_ko
-
-        serial_body = (min_three_digits + pynini.closure(pynini.closure(sep, 0, 1) + digit_ko)).optimize()
-
-        # Minimal context signals.
-        # "번호는" covers 휴대폰 번호는, 전화 번호는, 계좌 번호는, 예약 번호는, etc.,
-        # because the preceding noun can stay outside the serial token.
-        signal = pynini.string_map(
-            [
-                ("번호는", "번호는"),
-                ("번호가", "번호가"),
-                ("번호를", "번호를"),
-                ("연락처는", "연락처는"),
-                ("연락처가", "연락처가"),
-                ("연락처를", "연락처를"),
-            ]
-        ).optimize()
-
-        graph = (
-            pynutil.insert('name: "')
-            + signal
-            + pynutil.insert('" } tokens { name: "')
-            + sp
-            + serial_body
-            + pynutil.insert('"')
-        ).optimize()
-
-        self.fst = graph.optimize()
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py
index aee610158..37d07c59a 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py
@@ -37,8 +37,13 @@ class TelephoneFst(GraphFst):
 
     def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         super().__init__(name="telephone", kind="classify", deterministic=deterministic)
-        # Separator between digit blocks (e.g., "-" or ".")
-        delete_sep = pynutil.delete("-") | pynutil.delete(".")
+        # Separator between number blocks.
+        delete_sep = pynini.union(
+            pynutil.delete("-"),
+            pynutil.delete("."),
+            pynutil.delete(" "),
+        ).optimize()
+        
         # Optional space inserted between blocks
         insert_block_space = insert_space
 
@@ -63,36 +68,70 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             + delete_space
         )
 
-        # area part: "123-" | "123." | "(123)" [space?] or "(123)-"
-        area_core = three_digits
-        area_part = (
-            (area_core + delete_sep)
-            | (
-                pynutil.delete("(")
-                + area_core
-                + pynutil.delete(")")
-                + pynini.closure(pynutil.delete(" "), 0, 1)
-                + pynini.closure(delete_sep, 0, 1)
-            )
-        ) + insert_block_space
-
-        # 2) allow 3 **or 4** digits in the middle block (to support 010-3713-7050)
-        mid = pynini.union(three_digits, four_digits)
-        last4 = four_digits
-
-        # consume '-' or '.' between middle and last blocks
-        intl_mobile_local = (
-            two_digits
-            + pynini.closure(pynutil.delete(" ") | delete_sep, 0, 1)
-            + insert_space
-            + four_digits
+        # First block may contain 2 or 3 digits.
+        # Examples: 02, 031, 043, 010
+        first_block = pynini.union(
+            two_digits,
+            three_digits,
+        ).optimize()
+
+        # Middle block may contain 3 or 4 digits.
+        # Examples: 123, 1234
+        middle_block = pynini.union(
+            three_digits,
+            four_digits,
+        ).optimize()
+
+        # Plain telephone form:
+        #   02-1234-5678
+        plain_first_part = (
+            first_block
             + delete_sep
+<<<<<<< HEAD
             + insert_space
             + four_digits
         )
 
         number_part_core = (area_part + mid + delete_sep + insert_block_space + last4 | intl_mobile_local).optimize()
 
+=======
+            + insert_block_space
+        ).optimize()
+
+        # Parenthesized telephone form:
+        #   (010)1234-5678
+        parenthesized_first_part = (
+            pynutil.delete("(")
+            + first_block
+            + pynutil.delete(")")
+            + pynini.closure(
+                pynutil.delete(" ")
+                | pynutil.delete("-")
+                | pynutil.delete("."),
+                0,
+                1,
+            )
+            + insert_block_space
+        ).optimize()
+
+        first_part = pynini.union(
+            plain_first_part,
+            parenthesized_first_part,
+        ).optimize()
+
+        # Standard telephone layout:
+        #   2 or 3 digits
+        #   followed by 3 or 4 digits
+        #   followed by 4 digits
+        number_part_core = (
+            first_part
+            + middle_block
+            + delete_sep
+            + insert_block_space
+            + four_digits
+        ).optimize()
+        
+>>>>>>> 613cdac9 (Address Korean TN review feedback)
         number_part = pynutil.insert('number_part: "') + number_part_core + pynutil.insert('"')
 
         # final graph: with or without country code
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py
index 4cef486fc..31732db51 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py
@@ -86,7 +86,6 @@ def __init__(
             telephone = TelephoneFst(deterministic=deterministic)
             measure = MeasureFst(cardinal=cardinal, decimal=decimal, fraction=fraction, deterministic=deterministic)
             electronic = ElectronicFst(cardinal=cardinal, deterministic=deterministic)
-            serial = SerialFst(deterministic=deterministic)
 
             classify = pynini.union(
                 pynutil.add_weight(cardinal.fst, 1.1),
@@ -102,7 +101,6 @@ def __init__(
                 pynutil.add_weight(whitelist.fst, 1.1),
                 pynutil.add_weight(telephone.fst, 1.1),
                 pynutil.add_weight(electronic.fst, 1.11),
-                pynutil.add_weight(serial.fst, 1.05),
             )
 
             token = pynutil.insert("tokens { ") + classify + pynutil.insert(" }")
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
index 472b8a86d..37a4a4954 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
@@ -129,43 +129,26 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         # Sigma for rewrite context (entire string)
         sigma = pynini.closure(NEMO_NOT_QUOTE | NEMO_SPACE)
 
-        # Fix subject particle agreement (이 → 가 for vowel-ending numerals)
-        # e.g., 사이 → 사가, 구이 → 구가
-        subject_rewrite = pynini.cdrewrite(
+        # Fix particle agreement for vowel-ending numerals.
+        # Subject: 이 -> 가
+        # Topic: 은 -> 는
+        # Object: 을 -> 를
+        particle_rewrite = pynini.cdrewrite(
             pynini.string_map(
                 [
+                    # Subject particle
                     ("이이", "이가"),
                     ("사이", "사가"),
                     ("오이", "오가"),
                     ("구이", "구가"),
-                ]
-            ),
-            "",
-            "",
-            sigma,
-        )
 
-        # Fix topic particle agreement (은 → 는)
-        # e.g., 이은 → 이는, 사은 → 사는
-        topic_rewrite = pynini.cdrewrite(
-            pynini.string_map(
-                [
+                    # Topic particle
                     ("이은", "이는"),
                     ("사은", "사는"),
                     ("오은", "오는"),
                     ("구은", "구는"),
-                ]
-            ),
-            "",
-            "",
-            sigma,
-        )
 
-        # Fix object particle agreement (을 → 를)
-        # e.g., 오을 → 오를, 이을 → 이를
-        object_rewrite = pynini.cdrewrite(
-            pynini.string_map(
-                [
+                    # Object particle
                     ("이을", "이를"),
                     ("사을", "사를"),
                     ("오을", "오를"),
@@ -178,5 +161,5 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         )
 
         # Apply all rewrite rules sequentially and final optimized FST
-        final_graph = final_graph @ subject_rewrite @ topic_rewrite @ object_rewrite
+        final_graph = final_graph @ particle_rewrite
         self.fst = final_graph.optimize()
diff --git a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_cardinal.txt b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_cardinal.txt
index 40187f74e..dbde76d4e 100644
--- a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_cardinal.txt
+++ b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_cardinal.txt
@@ -45,4 +45,24 @@
 -2~마이너스 이
 -93~마이너스 구십삼
 -90325~마이너스 구만삼백이십오
--3234567~마이너스 삼백이십삼만사천오백육십칠
\ No newline at end of file
+-3234567~마이너스 삼백이십삼만사천오백육십칠
+휴대폰 번호는 0987654321입니다~휴대폰 번호는 영구팔칠육오사삼이일 입니다
+전화 번호는 01090817263입니다~전화 번호는 영일영구영팔일칠이육삼 입니다
+계좌 번호는 70501938462011입니다~계좌 번호는 칠영오영일구삼팔사육이영일일 입니다
+예약 번호는 907입니다~예약 번호는 구영칠 입니다
+예약 번호는 830-291입니다~예약 번호는 팔삼영이구일 입니다
+주문 번호는 4829.7301입니다~주문 번호는 사팔이구칠삼영일 입니다
+인증 번호는 000739입니다~인증 번호는 영영영칠삼구 입니다
+인증 번호는 204060입니다~인증 번호는 이영사영육영 입니다
+배송 번호는 591837462입니다~배송 번호는 오구일팔삼칠사육이 입니다
+회원 번호는 3000456789입니다~회원 번호는 삼영영영사오육칠팔구 입니다
+연락처는 84502719입니다~연락처는 팔사오영이칠일구 입니다
+연락처가 77008899입니다~연락처가 칠칠영영팔팔구구 입니다
+연락처를 604 812 930으로 저장했습니다~연락처를 육영사팔일이구삼영 으로 저장했습니다
+번호는 12입니다~번호는 십이 입니다
+배송 번호는 591837462입니다~배송 번호는 오구일팔삼칠사육이 입니다
+회원 번호는 3000456789입니다~회원 번호는 삼영영영사오육칠팔구 입니다
+접수 번호는 812709입니다~접수 번호는 팔일이칠영구 입니다
+신청 번호는 40682015입니다~신청 번호는 사영육팔이영일오 입니다
+확인 번호는 970045입니다~확인 번호는 구칠영영사오 입니다
+관리 번호는 25081973입니다~관리 번호는 이오영팔일구칠삼 입니다
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_serial.txt b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_serial.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index 526ee33a3..000000000
--- a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_serial.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-휴대폰 번호는 0987654321입니다~휴대폰 번호는 영구팔칠육오사삼이일 입니다
-전화 번호는 01090817263입니다~전화 번호는 영일영구영팔일칠이육삼 입니다
-계좌 번호는 70501938462011입니다~계좌 번호는 칠영오영일구삼팔사육이영일일 입니다
-예약 번호는 907입니다~예약 번호는 구영칠 입니다
-예약 번호는 830-291입니다~예약 번호는 팔삼영이구일 입니다
-주문 번호는 4829.7301입니다~주문 번호는 사팔이구칠삼영일 입니다
-인증 번호는 000739입니다~인증 번호는 영영영칠삼구 입니다
-인증 번호는 204060입니다~인증 번호는 이영사영육영 입니다
-배송 번호는 591837462입니다~배송 번호는 오구일팔삼칠사육이 입니다
-회원 번호는 3000456789입니다~회원 번호는 삼영영영사오육칠팔구 입니다
-연락처는 84502719입니다~연락처는 팔사오영이칠일구 입니다
-연락처가 77008899입니다~연락처가 칠칠영영팔팔구구 입니다
-연락처를 604 812 930으로 저장했습니다~연락처를 육영사팔일이구삼영 으로 저장했습니다
-번호는 12입니다~번호는 십이 입니다
-배송 번호는 591837462입니다~배송 번호는 오구일팔삼칠사육이 입니다
-회원 번호는 3000456789입니다~회원 번호는 삼영영영사오육칠팔구 입니다
-접수 번호는 812709입니다~접수 번호는 팔일이칠영구 입니다
-신청 번호는 40682015입니다~신청 번호는 사영육팔이영일오 입니다
-확인 번호는 970045입니다~확인 번호는 구칠영영사오 입니다
-관리 번호는 25081973입니다~관리 번호는 이오영팔일구칠삼 입니다
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_telephone.txt b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_telephone.txt
index b6e573aec..a871e4f71 100644
--- a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_telephone.txt
+++ b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_telephone.txt
@@ -30,4 +30,10 @@
 +82-123.456-7890~국가번호 팔이 일이삼 사오육 칠팔구영
 111-222-3333~일일일 이이이 삼삼삼삼
 909-808-7070~구영구 팔영팔 칠영칠영
-(555)555-5555~오오오 오오오 오오오오
\ No newline at end of file
+(555)555-5555~오오오 오오오 오오오오
+02-123-4567~영이 일이삼 사오육칠
+02-1234-5678~영이 일이삼사 오육칠팔
+043-123-4567~영사삼 일이삼 사오육칠
+043-1234-5678~영사삼 일이삼사 오육칠팔
+(02) 1234-5678~영이 일이삼사 오육칠팔
+010 1234 5678~영일영 일이삼사 오육칠팔
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_serial.py b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_serial.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 314a3174e..000000000
--- a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_serial.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright (c) 2025, NVIDIA CORPORATION.  All rights reserved.
-#
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-#
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-#
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-
-import pytest
-from parameterized import parameterized
-
-from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.normalize import Normalizer
-
-from ..utils import CACHE_DIR, parse_test_case_file
-
-
-class TestSerial:
-    normalizer_ko = Normalizer(input_case='cased', lang='ko', cache_dir=CACHE_DIR, overwrite_cache=True)
-
-    @parameterized.expand(parse_test_case_file('ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_serial.txt'))
-    @pytest.mark.run_only_on('CPU')
-    @pytest.mark.unit
-    def test_norm(self, test_input, expected):
-        pred = self.normalizer_ko.normalize(test_input, verbose=False, punct_post_process=False)
-        assert pred == expected, f"input: {test_input}"
diff --git a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_sparrowhawk_normalization.sh b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_sparrowhawk_normalization.sh
index 52091fb11..9adbc152b 100644
--- a/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_sparrowhawk_normalization.sh
+++ b/tests/nemo_text_processing/ko/test_sparrowhawk_normalization.sh
@@ -76,11 +76,6 @@ testTNElectronicText() {
   runtest $input
 }
 
-testTNSerialText() {
- input=$TEST_DIR/ko/data_text_normalization/test_cases_serial.txt
-  runtest $input
-}
-
 # Remove all command-line arguments
 shift $#
 

From 33b6c0a8f580e13d3d1269e2f80e23c35a875c06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Jul 2026 22:19:45 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 11/13] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 .../text_normalization/ko/taggers/cardinal.py  | 18 +++++-------------
 .../ko/verbalizers/fraction.py                 |  2 --
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/cardinal.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/cardinal.py
index 142c4a090..901c5723e 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/cardinal.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/cardinal.py
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             graph_1_to_99,
             graph_zero,
         ).optimize()
-        
+
         # ----------------------------
         # Context-based digit-by-digit reading
         # e.g., 번호는 0987654321 -> 번호는 영구팔칠육오사삼이일
@@ -285,9 +285,7 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
 
         # Exclude 0 from graph_digit and force 0 -> 영.
         # This avoids ambiguity if digit.tsv has another mapping for 0.
-        graph_digit_one_to_nine = (
-            pynini.difference(NEMO_DIGIT, "0") @ graph_digit
-        ).optimize()
+        graph_digit_one_to_nine = (pynini.difference(NEMO_DIGIT, "0") @ graph_digit).optimize()
 
         serial_digit = pynini.union(
             pynini.cross("0", "영"),
@@ -308,9 +306,7 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             + serial_digit
             + pynini.closure(serial_separator, 0, 1)
             + serial_digit
-            + pynini.closure(
-                pynini.closure(serial_separator, 0, 1) + serial_digit
-            )
+            + pynini.closure(pynini.closure(serial_separator, 0, 1) + serial_digit)
         ).optimize()
 
         serial_signal = pynini.string_map(
@@ -325,13 +321,9 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         ).optimize()
 
         serial_case = (
-            pynutil.insert('integer: "')
-            + serial_signal
-            + serial_space
-            + serial_body
-            + pynutil.insert('"')
+            pynutil.insert('integer: "') + serial_signal + serial_space + serial_body + pynutil.insert('"')
         ).optimize()
-        
+
         # ----------------------------
         # Native counting + counters
         # e.g., 3개, 2명, 10살
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
index 37a4a4954..d523dba00 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/verbalizers/fraction.py
@@ -141,13 +141,11 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
                     ("사이", "사가"),
                     ("오이", "오가"),
                     ("구이", "구가"),
-
                     # Topic particle
                     ("이은", "이는"),
                     ("사은", "사는"),
                     ("오은", "오는"),
                     ("구은", "구는"),
-
                     # Object particle
                     ("이을", "이를"),
                     ("사을", "사를"),

From 5586dcd2d840bf7050264686d78002fc3a28e752 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jinwoo Bae <bbae7050@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 23 Jul 2026 17:10:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 12/13] Resolve Korean telephone conflict and remove serial
 references

Signed-off-by: Jinwoo Bae <bbae7050@gmail.com>
---
 .../text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py           | 9 ---------
 .../ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py                  | 1 -
 2 files changed, 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py
index 37d07c59a..ae065a5ed 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py
@@ -87,14 +87,6 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         plain_first_part = (
             first_block
             + delete_sep
-<<<<<<< HEAD
-            + insert_space
-            + four_digits
-        )
-
-        number_part_core = (area_part + mid + delete_sep + insert_block_space + last4 | intl_mobile_local).optimize()
-
-=======
             + insert_block_space
         ).optimize()
 
@@ -131,7 +123,6 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             + four_digits
         ).optimize()
         
->>>>>>> 613cdac9 (Address Korean TN review feedback)
         number_part = pynutil.insert('number_part: "') + number_part_core + pynutil.insert('"')
 
         # final graph: with or without country code
diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py
index 31732db51..e2a3a5890 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/tokenize_and_classify.py
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.money import MoneyFst
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.ordinal import OrdinalFst
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.punctuation import PunctuationFst
-from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.serial import SerialFst
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.telephone import TelephoneFst
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.time import TimeFst
 from nemo_text_processing.text_normalization.ko.taggers.whitelist import WhiteListFst

From 7b5ae47036f092a39ed05273cb9c11bdb70c6b3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "pre-commit-ci[bot]"
 <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 24 Jul 2026 00:11:52 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 13/13] [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci
---
 .../ko/taggers/telephone.py                   | 22 +++++--------------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py
index ae065a5ed..ba4fbcea0 100644
--- a/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py
+++ b/nemo_text_processing/text_normalization/ko/taggers/telephone.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             pynutil.delete("."),
             pynutil.delete(" "),
         ).optimize()
-        
+
         # Optional space inserted between blocks
         insert_block_space = insert_space
 
@@ -84,11 +84,7 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
 
         # Plain telephone form:
         #   02-1234-5678
-        plain_first_part = (
-            first_block
-            + delete_sep
-            + insert_block_space
-        ).optimize()
+        plain_first_part = (first_block + delete_sep + insert_block_space).optimize()
 
         # Parenthesized telephone form:
         #   (010)1234-5678
@@ -97,9 +93,7 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
             + first_block
             + pynutil.delete(")")
             + pynini.closure(
-                pynutil.delete(" ")
-                | pynutil.delete("-")
-                | pynutil.delete("."),
+                pynutil.delete(" ") | pynutil.delete("-") | pynutil.delete("."),
                 0,
                 1,
             )
@@ -115,14 +109,8 @@ def __init__(self, deterministic: bool = True):
         #   2 or 3 digits
         #   followed by 3 or 4 digits
         #   followed by 4 digits
-        number_part_core = (
-            first_part
-            + middle_block
-            + delete_sep
-            + insert_block_space
-            + four_digits
-        ).optimize()
-        
+        number_part_core = (first_part + middle_block + delete_sep + insert_block_space + four_digits).optimize()
+
         number_part = pynutil.insert('number_part: "') + number_part_core + pynutil.insert('"')
 
         # final graph: with or without country code