diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index 8c5ec9291..8da7f8a6e 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -228,6 +228,14 @@ A few harness details bite when writing an integration test against a real branc
   never executed it. Let the run finish, or kill it (inside the container — see the gotcha above)
   and start again. `git stash push -- <the other change's files>` is how to get one change verified
   on its own when two of them are in the tree.
+- **A model factory that stamps `time()` cannot be compared against one the test built.**
+  `AccountUseCases::create()` and `::updatePassword()` stamp `passDate` with `time()`, and five
+  expectations in `AccountTest` built theirs by calling the same factory — so whenever the second
+  ticked between the two calls the models differed by one and CI went red in whichever pull request
+  happened to be open. It is not reproducible on demand, which is what made it read as a mystery
+  rather than a bug. `anAccountStampedNow()` compares everything else exactly and takes only
+  `passDate` from the actual, after checking it is a timestamp from the last few seconds. Injecting
+  `sleep(1)` before the write is how to reproduce it, and how to show a fix works.
 - **Faker's `randomNumber($n)` includes zero**, and forms read a zero id as "not given". A fixture
   drawing a group or profile id that way fails about one run in a hundred, on CI, in whichever pull
   request happened to be open. Use `numberBetween(1, …)`.
diff --git a/tests/Unit/Application/Account/Services/AccountTest.php b/tests/Unit/Application/Account/Services/AccountTest.php
index 9dceff6a1..ee69114eb 100644
--- a/tests/Unit/Application/Account/Services/AccountTest.php
+++ b/tests/Unit/Application/Account/Services/AccountTest.php
@@ -1144,7 +1144,7 @@ public function testEditPassword()
                                   );
 
         $this->accountRepository->expects(self::once())->method('editPassword')
-            ->with($id, AccountModel::updatePassword($accountUpdateDto));
+            ->with($id, self::anAccountStampedNow(AccountModel::updatePassword($accountUpdateDto)));
 
         $this->account->editPassword($id, $accountUpdateDto);
     }
@@ -1186,7 +1186,7 @@ public function testEditPasswordDefaultsOmittedUserEditIdToTheCurrentSessionUser
                                   );
 
         $this->accountRepository->expects(self::once())->method('editPassword')
-            ->with($id, AccountModel::updatePassword($expectedDto));
+            ->with($id, self::anAccountStampedNow(AccountModel::updatePassword($expectedDto)));
 
         $this->account->editPassword($id, $accountUpdateDto);
     }
@@ -1333,7 +1333,7 @@ public function testCreate()
         $encryptedDto = $accountCreateDto->withEncryptedPassword($encryptedPassword);
 
         $this->accountRepository->expects(self::once())->method('create')
-            ->with(AccountModel::create($encryptedDto))
+            ->with(self::anAccountStampedNow(AccountModel::create($encryptedDto)))
             ->willReturn(new QueryResult(null, 0, $id));
 
         $this->accountItemsService->expects(self::once())->method('addItems')
@@ -1385,7 +1385,7 @@ public function testCreateCannotChangePermissions()
         $encryptedDto = $accountCreateDto->withEncryptedPassword($encryptedPassword);
 
         $this->accountRepository->expects(self::once())->method('create')
-            ->with(AccountModel::create($encryptedDto))
+            ->with(self::anAccountStampedNow(AccountModel::create($encryptedDto)))
             ->willReturn(new QueryResult(null, 0, $id));
 
         $this->accountItemsService->expects(self::once())->method('addItems')
@@ -1568,7 +1568,7 @@ public function testCreateDefaultsOmittedOwnerAndGroupToTheCreatingUser()
             ->withEncryptedPassword($encryptedPassword);
 
         $this->accountRepository->expects(self::once())->method('create')
-            ->with(AccountModel::create($expectedDto))
+            ->with(self::anAccountStampedNow(AccountModel::create($expectedDto)))
             ->willReturn(new QueryResult(null, 0, $id));
 
         $this->accountItemsService->expects(self::once())->method('addItems')
@@ -1746,6 +1746,34 @@ public function testIncrementDecryptCounterNoRows()
         $this->assertFalse($this->account->incrementDecryptCounter($id));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * The account the service is expected to write, give or take the second it was stamped in.
+     *
+     * `AccountUseCases::create()` and `::updatePassword()` stamp `passDate` with `time()`, and a
+     * test that builds its expectation by calling the same factory calls `time()` a moment before
+     * the production code does. Whenever the second ticks between the two the models differ by one
+     * and the test fails — a real failure on CI, roughly once in a few hundred runs, in whichever
+     * pull request happened to be open. It is not the code being wrong, and it is not reproducible
+     * on demand, which is what made it read as a mystery.
+     *
+     * Everything else is still compared exactly: only `passDate` is taken from the actual model,
+     * and only after it has been checked for being a timestamp from the last few seconds — so a
+     * factory that stopped stamping it, or stamped something else, still fails.
+     */
+    private static function anAccountStampedNow(AccountModel $expected): Callback
+    {
+        return self::callback(static function (AccountModel $actual) use ($expected): bool {
+            $now = time();
+
+            self::assertGreaterThanOrEqual($now - 10, $actual->getPassDate());
+            self::assertLessThanOrEqual($now, $actual->getPassDate());
+
+            self::assertEquals($expected->mutate(['passDate' => $actual->getPassDate()]), $actual);
+
+            return true;
+        });
+    }
+
     protected function setUp(): void
     {
         parent::setUp();