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<h2 id="toc-title">Table of contents</h2>
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<li><a href="#issues-with-hdps" id="toc-issues-with-hdps" class="nav-link active" data-scroll-target="#issues-with-hdps">Issues with hdPS</a></li>
<li><a href="#potential-ways-to-improve" id="toc-potential-ways-to-improve" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#potential-ways-to-improve">Potential ways to improve</a></li>
<li><a href="#controversy" id="toc-controversy" class="nav-link" data-scroll-target="#controversy">Controversy</a></li>
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<h1 class="title d-none d-lg-block">Challenges</h1>
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<section id="issues-with-hdps" class="level2 page-columns page-full">
<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="issues-with-hdps">Issues with hdPS</h2>
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Univariate selection of many proxies
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<li>Recurrent covariates selected separately / <mark>univariately</mark></li>
<li>can be correlated (coming from same patient) and cause <mark>multicollinearity</mark></li>
<li>may <mark>inflate variance</mark></li>
<li>General <mark>overfitting</mark> problem. Too many adjustment variables?</li>
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<p><span class="citation" data-cites="franklin2015regularized schuster2016propensity karim2018can">(<a href="references.html#ref-franklin2015regularized" role="doc-biblioref">Franklin et al. 2015</a>; <a href="references.html#ref-schuster2016propensity" role="doc-biblioref">Schuster, Lowe, and Platt 2016</a>; <a href="references.html#ref-karim2018can" role="doc-biblioref">Karim, Pang, and Platt 2018</a>)</span></p>
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<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="potential-ways-to-improve">Potential ways to improve</h2>
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<li>Multiple recurrent covariates could provide same information, may not be useful anymore in the presence of others. <mark>Multivariate structure</mark> could be good to consider in a single model.</li>
<li>Machine learning <mark>variable selection methods</mark> could be useful to combat multicollinearity.</li>
<li><mark>Sample splitting</mark> methods could be useful in combating overfitting in high dimensions.</li>
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<p>Cross-validation is embedded within super (ensemble) learning.</p>
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<h2 class="anchored" data-anchor-id="controversy">Controversy</h2>
<p>Researchers argue that the PS model, which does not allow for data-driven selection of variables, is a more principled approach to adjusting for confounding in observational studies, without introducing any bias in the analysis .</p>
<p>Other researchers argue that the hdPS approach can improve the precision of effect estimates by including additional variables that are empirically associated with both the exposure and the outcome, which may reduce residual confounding.</p>
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<p>Machine learning alternatives have the same criticism as some of them depend on association with the outcome.</p>
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Tip
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<p>hdPS can only control for observed confounding, and cannot guarantee the direction or magnitude of residual confounding that may still exist. This is why <strong>sensitivity analyses</strong> and <strong>model diagnostics</strong> are important in assessing the robustness of hdPS results.</p>
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<p><span class="citation" data-cites="vanderweele2019principles">(<a href="references.html#ref-vanderweele2019principles" role="doc-biblioref">VanderWeele 2019</a>)</span></p>
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<div id="ref-franklin2015regularized" class="csl-entry" role="doc-biblioentry">
Franklin, Jessica M, Wesley Eddings, Robert J Glynn, and Sebastian Schneeweiss. 2015. <span>“Regularized Regression Versus the High-Dimensional Propensity Score for Confounding Adjustment in Secondary Database Analyses.”</span> <em>American Journal of Epidemiology</em> 182 (7): 651–59.
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<div id="ref-karim2018can" class="csl-entry" role="doc-biblioentry">
Karim, Mohammad Ehsanul, Menglan Pang, and Robert W Platt. 2018. <span>“Can We Train Machine Learning Methods to Outperform the High-Dimensional Propensity Score Algorithm?”</span> <em>Epidemiology</em> 29 (2): 191–98.
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<div id="ref-schuster2016propensity" class="csl-entry" role="doc-biblioentry">
Schuster, Tibor, Wilfrid Kouokam Lowe, and Robert W Platt. 2016. <span>“Propensity Score Model Overfitting Led to Inflated Variance of Estimated Odds Ratios.”</span> <em>Journal of Clinical Epidemiology</em> 80: 97–106.
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<div id="ref-vanderweele2019principles" class="csl-entry" role="doc-biblioentry">
VanderWeele, Tyler J. 2019. <span>“Principles of Confounder Selection.”</span> <em>European Journal of Epidemiology</em> 34: 211–19.
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