diff --git a/doc/api/vfs.md b/doc/api/vfs.md
index 90b8e9c303125a..b426d5624722e2 100644
--- a/doc/api/vfs.md
+++ b/doc/api/vfs.md
@@ -38,10 +38,12 @@ Mounting a VFS only redirects supported [`node:fs`][] calls whose resolved paths
 are under the mount point. It does not prevent code from using other paths or
 other Node.js APIs to access resources available to the process.
 [`RealFSProvider`][] maps VFS paths under its configured root and rejects paths
-that resolve outside that root, but that check is not a security boundary. Do
-not rely on VFS to run untrusted code; use operating-system-level isolation,
-such as separate users, containers, or platform sandboxes, when a security
-boundary is required.
+that resolve outside that root, but that check is not a security boundary.
+[`ZipProvider`][] has no real file-system paths of its own to escape; its
+entries only ever exist within the archive's own namespace. Do not rely on VFS
+to run untrusted code; use operating-system-level isolation, such as separate
+users, containers, or platform sandboxes, when a security boundary is
+required.
 
 ## Basic usage
 
@@ -201,9 +203,6 @@ The promise namespace mirrors `fs.promises` and includes `readFile`,
 added: v26.4.0
 -->
 
-The base class for all VFS providers. Subclasses implement the essential
-primitives (`open`, `stat`, `readdir`, `mkdir`, `rmdir`, `unlink`,
-`rename`, ...) and inherit default implementations of the derived
 The base class for all VFS providers. Subclasses implement the essential
 primitives (such as `open`, `stat`, `readdir`, `mkdir`, `rmdir`, `unlink`,
 `rename`, etc.) and inherit default implementations of the derived
@@ -304,6 +303,55 @@ added: v26.4.0
 
 The resolved absolute path used as the root.
 
+## Class: `ZipProvider`
+
+<!-- YAML
+added: REPLACEME
+-->
+
+A provider that exposes the entries of a ZIP archive - either a
+[`zlib.ZipBuffer`][] (in memory) or a [`zlib.ZipFile`][] (on disk) - through
+the VFS API. `provider.readonly` reflects the archive's own
+[`zipFile.writable`][] flag: a `ZipBuffer` is always writable, and a
+`ZipFile` is writable only when opened with `{ writable: true }`.
+
+Directories are recognized both explicitly (an entry whose name ends in `/`)
+and implicitly (any entry name starting with `"<dir>/"`). `readdir()` does
+not support `{ recursive: true }`. Because a ZIP member cannot be edited or
+read in place - only fully written or fully decompressed - a file opened for
+writing only commits its content (as a new archive entry) when the handle is
+closed.
+
+Every method has a synchronous counterpart (`openSync()`, `statSync()`,
+`readdirSync()`, and so on), backed by the equally complete synchronous
+surface [`zlib.ZipBuffer`][]/[`zlib.ZipFile`][] expose. As with those, the
+synchronous methods here block the Node.js event loop and further JavaScript
+execution until the operation - including any deflate/inflate pass -
+completes.
+
+```cjs
+const vfs = require('node:vfs');
+const zlib = require('node:zlib');
+const { readFileSync } = require('node:fs');
+
+async function main() {
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(readFileSync('archive.zip'));
+  const archiveVfs = vfs.create(new vfs.ZipProvider(zip));
+
+  console.log(await archiveVfs.promises.readdir('/'));
+  await archiveVfs.promises.writeFile('/new.txt', 'hello');
+}
+main();
+```
+
+### `new ZipProvider(source)`
+
+<!-- YAML
+added: REPLACEME
+-->
+
+* `source` {zlib.ZipBuffer|zlib.ZipFile} An already-open archive.
+
 ## Implementation details
 
 ### `Stats` objects
@@ -322,6 +370,10 @@ fields use synthetic but stable values:
 [`RealFSProvider`]: #class-realfsprovider
 [`VirtualFileSystem`]: #class-virtualfilesystem
 [`VirtualProvider`]: #class-virtualprovider
+[`ZipProvider`]: #class-zipprovider
 [`fs.BigIntStats`]: fs.md#class-fsbigintstats
 [`fs.Stats`]: fs.md#class-fsstats
 [`node:fs`]: fs.md
+[`zipFile.writable`]: zlib.md#zipfilewritable
+[`zlib.ZipBuffer`]: zlib.md#class-zlibzipbuffer
+[`zlib.ZipFile`]: zlib.md#class-zlibzipfile
diff --git a/lib/internal/vfs/providers/archive.js b/lib/internal/vfs/providers/archive.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..4cc65f02836fe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/internal/vfs/providers/archive.js
@@ -0,0 +1,526 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const {
+  ArrayPrototypeIndexOf,
+  ArrayPrototypePush,
+  MathMax,
+  MathMin,
+  StringPrototypeIndexOf,
+  StringPrototypeSlice,
+  StringPrototypeStartsWith,
+} = primordials;
+
+const { Buffer } = require('buffer');
+const {
+  codes: {
+    ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE,
+    ERR_METHOD_NOT_IMPLEMENTED,
+  },
+} = require('internal/errors');
+const { VirtualProvider } = require('internal/vfs/provider');
+const { VirtualFileHandle } = require('internal/vfs/file_handle');
+const {
+  createEEXIST,
+  createEISDIR,
+  createENOENT,
+  createENOTDIR,
+  createENOTEMPTY,
+  createEROFS,
+} = require('internal/vfs/errors');
+const { createFileStats, createDirectoryStats } = require('internal/vfs/stats');
+const { Dirent } = require('internal/fs/utils');
+const {
+  fs: { UV_DIRENT_DIR, UV_DIRENT_FILE },
+} = internalBinding('constants');
+const { ZipBuffer, ZipFile } = require('internal/zip');
+
+const EMPTY_BUFFER = Buffer.alloc(0);
+
+function normalize(vfsPath) {
+  return StringPrototypeStartsWith(vfsPath, '/') ? StringPrototypeSlice(vfsPath, 1) : vfsPath;
+}
+
+function isCurrentPosition(position) {
+  return position === null || position === undefined || position === -1;
+}
+
+function isWriteTruncate(flags) {
+  return flags === 'w' || flags === 'w+' || flags === 'wx' || flags === 'wx+';
+}
+
+function isAppend(flags) {
+  return flags === 'a' || flags === 'a+' || flags === 'ax' || flags === 'ax+';
+}
+
+function isReadableFlag(flags) {
+  return flags !== 'w' && flags !== 'a' && flags !== 'wx' && flags !== 'ax';
+}
+
+function isWritableFlag(flags) {
+  return flags !== 'r';
+}
+
+/**
+ * The `options.method` value that reproduces `method` (a `zipEntry.method`
+ * raw compression method number) on `add()`/`addSync()`, so `rename()`
+ * doesn't silently recompress an entry with a different method than the one
+ * it already had (e.g. turning a zstd-compressed entry into a stored one).
+ * @param {number} method
+ * @returns {'store' | 'zstd' | 'deflate'}
+ */
+function methodOption(method) {
+  if (method === 0) return 'store';
+  if (method === 93) return 'zstd';
+  return 'deflate';
+}
+
+/**
+ * A file handle over one ZIP entry. ZIP members can't be edited in place
+ * (they're a single compressed blob), so writes accumulate in memory and are
+ * only committed - as a brand-new entry - when the handle is closed. Since
+ * this is all in-memory buffer manipulation with no real I/O, every method
+ * and its `*Sync` counterpart share one private implementation.
+ */
+class ZipFileHandle extends VirtualFileHandle {
+  #source;
+  #name;
+  #buffer;
+  #size;
+  #dirty = false;
+
+  /**
+   * @param {string} path
+   * @param {string} flags
+   * @param {number} mode
+   * @param {ZipBuffer | ZipFile} source
+   * @param {string} name The archive-relative entry name
+   * @param {Buffer} initial The entry's current decompressed content, or an
+   *   empty buffer for a new/truncated file
+   */
+  constructor(path, flags, mode, source, name, initial) {
+    super(path, flags, mode);
+    this.#source = source;
+    this.#name = name;
+    this.#buffer = initial;
+    this.#size = initial.length;
+    if (isAppend(flags)) this.position = this.#size;
+  }
+
+  #checkReadable() {
+    if (!isReadableFlag(this.flags)) throw createEISDIR('read', this.path);
+  }
+  #checkWritable() {
+    if (!isWritableFlag(this.flags)) throw createEISDIR('write', this.path);
+  }
+  #ensureCapacity(size) {
+    if (size <= this.#buffer.length) return;
+    const capacity = MathMax(size, this.#buffer.length * 2);
+    const grown = Buffer.alloc(capacity);
+    this.#buffer.copy(grown, 0, 0, this.#size);
+    this.#buffer = grown;
+  }
+
+  #doRead(buffer, offset, length, position) {
+    this.#checkReadable();
+    const useCurrent = isCurrentPosition(position);
+    const pos = useCurrent ? this.position : position;
+    const available = MathMax(0, this.#size - pos);
+    const bytesRead = MathMin(length, available);
+    if (bytesRead > 0) this.#buffer.copy(buffer, offset, pos, pos + bytesRead);
+    if (useCurrent) this.position = pos + bytesRead;
+    return { __proto__: null, bytesRead, buffer };
+  }
+  async read(buffer, offset, length, position) {
+    return this.#doRead(buffer, offset, length, position);
+  }
+  readSync(buffer, offset, length, position) {
+    return this.#doRead(buffer, offset, length, position);
+  }
+
+  #doWrite(buffer, offset, length, position) {
+    this.#checkWritable();
+    const useCurrent = isCurrentPosition(position);
+    const pos = isAppend(this.flags) ? this.#size : (useCurrent ? this.position : position);
+    this.#ensureCapacity(pos + length);
+    buffer.copy(this.#buffer, pos, offset, offset + length);
+    if (pos + length > this.#size) this.#size = pos + length;
+    this.#dirty = true;
+    if (useCurrent) this.position = pos + length;
+    return { __proto__: null, bytesWritten: length, buffer };
+  }
+  async write(buffer, offset, length, position) {
+    return this.#doWrite(buffer, offset, length, position);
+  }
+  writeSync(buffer, offset, length, position) {
+    return this.#doWrite(buffer, offset, length, position);
+  }
+
+  #doReadFile(options) {
+    this.#checkReadable();
+    const encoding = typeof options === 'string' ? options : options?.encoding;
+    const content = this.#buffer.subarray(0, this.#size);
+    return encoding && encoding !== 'buffer' ? content.toString(encoding) : Buffer.from(content);
+  }
+  async readFile(options) {
+    return this.#doReadFile(options);
+  }
+  readFileSync(options) {
+    return this.#doReadFile(options);
+  }
+
+  // Replaces content, except in append mode ('a'/'a+'/'ax'/'ax+'), where it
+  // appends to the existing content instead - matching MemoryFileHandle and
+  // what makes `appendFile()`/`appendFileSync()` (built on this, by
+  // VirtualProvider's defaults) actually append.
+  #doWriteFile(data, options) {
+    this.#checkWritable();
+    const content = typeof data === 'string' ? Buffer.from(data, options?.encoding) : Buffer.from(data);
+    if (isAppend(this.flags)) {
+      this.#ensureCapacity(this.#size + content.length);
+      content.copy(this.#buffer, this.#size);
+      this.#size += content.length;
+    } else {
+      this.#buffer = content;
+      this.#size = content.length;
+    }
+    this.#dirty = true;
+  }
+  async writeFile(data, options) {
+    this.#doWriteFile(data, options);
+  }
+  writeFileSync(data, options) {
+    this.#doWriteFile(data, options);
+  }
+
+  #doStat() {
+    return createFileStats(this.#size, { mode: this.mode });
+  }
+  async stat(options) {
+    return this.#doStat();
+  }
+  statSync(options) {
+    return this.#doStat();
+  }
+
+  #doTruncate(len) {
+    this.#checkWritable();
+    this.#ensureCapacity(len);
+    this.#size = len;
+    this.#dirty = true;
+  }
+  async truncate(len = 0) {
+    this.#doTruncate(len);
+  }
+  truncateSync(len = 0) {
+    this.#doTruncate(len);
+  }
+
+  async close() {
+    if (this.#dirty && isWritableFlag(this.flags)) {
+      await this.#source.add(this.#name, this.#buffer.subarray(0, this.#size), { mode: this.mode });
+    }
+    await super.close();
+  }
+  closeSync() {
+    if (this.#dirty && isWritableFlag(this.flags)) {
+      this.#source.addSync(this.#name, this.#buffer.subarray(0, this.#size), { mode: this.mode });
+    }
+    super.closeSync();
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A `node:vfs` provider backed by a ZIP archive: either a [`ZipBuffer`][] (in
+ * memory) or a [`ZipFile`][] (on disk). Read-only unless the underlying
+ * archive is writable (a `ZipBuffer`, or a `ZipFile` opened with
+ * `{ writable: true }`). Every method has a synchronous counterpart, backed
+ * by the equally complete synchronous surface `ZipBuffer`/`ZipFile` expose;
+ * as with those, the synchronous methods here block the Node.js event loop
+ * and further JavaScript execution until the operation (including any
+ * deflate/inflate pass) completes.
+ */
+class ZipProvider extends VirtualProvider {
+  #source;
+
+  /**
+   * @param {ZipBuffer | ZipFile} source
+   */
+  constructor(source) {
+    super();
+    if (!(source instanceof ZipBuffer) && !(source instanceof ZipFile)) {
+      throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE('source', ['ZipBuffer', 'ZipFile'], source);
+    }
+    this.#source = source;
+  }
+
+  get readonly() { return !this.#source.writable; }
+
+  /**
+   * @param {string} name
+   * @returns {Promise<import('internal/zip').ZipEntry | null>}
+   */
+  async #getEntry(name) {
+    return this.#source.has(name) ? this.#source.get(name) : null;
+  }
+  /**
+   * @param {string} name
+   * @returns {import('internal/zip').ZipEntry | null}
+   */
+  #getEntrySync(name) {
+    if (!this.#source.has(name)) return null;
+    // `ZipBuffer.prototype.get` is already synchronous (it has no `getSync`
+    // of its own); `ZipFile.prototype.get` is asynchronous, so its `getSync`
+    // is used instead when present.
+    return typeof this.#source.getSync === 'function' ?
+      this.#source.getSync(name) : this.#source.get(name);
+  }
+  /**
+   * @param {string} name
+   * @returns {boolean}
+   */
+  #deleteEntrySync(name) {
+    // Same reasoning as `#getEntrySync`: `ZipBuffer.prototype.delete` is
+    // already synchronous; `ZipFile.prototype.delete` is not, so its
+    // `deleteSync` is used instead when present.
+    return typeof this.#source.deleteSync === 'function' ?
+      this.#source.deleteSync(name) : this.#source.delete(name);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Whether `name` (no trailing slash) is a directory: either explicitly
+   * (a `"name/"` entry) or implicitly (some entry starts with `"name/"`).
+   * @param {string} name
+   * @returns {boolean}
+   */
+  #isDirectory(name) {
+    const prefix = `${name}/`;
+    if (this.#source.has(prefix)) return true;
+    for (const key of this.#source.keys()) {
+      if (StringPrototypeStartsWith(key, prefix)) return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  async open(path, flags, mode) {
+    const name = normalize(path);
+    const fileEntry = await this.#getEntry(name);
+    if (fileEntry === null && this.#isDirectory(name)) {
+      throw createEISDIR('open', path);
+    }
+    const exists = fileEntry !== null;
+    if ((isWriteTruncate(flags) || isAppend(flags)) && this.readonly) {
+      throw createEROFS('open', path);
+    }
+    if ((flags === 'wx' || flags === 'wx+' || flags === 'ax' || flags === 'ax+') && exists) {
+      throw createEEXIST('open', path);
+    }
+    if (!exists && (flags === 'r' || flags === 'r+')) {
+      throw createENOENT('open', path);
+    }
+    let initial = EMPTY_BUFFER;
+    if (exists && !isWriteTruncate(flags)) {
+      initial = await fileEntry.content();
+    }
+    return new ZipFileHandle(path, flags, mode, this.#source, name, initial);
+  }
+  openSync(path, flags, mode) {
+    const name = normalize(path);
+    const fileEntry = this.#getEntrySync(name);
+    if (fileEntry === null && this.#isDirectory(name)) {
+      throw createEISDIR('open', path);
+    }
+    const exists = fileEntry !== null;
+    if ((isWriteTruncate(flags) || isAppend(flags)) && this.readonly) {
+      throw createEROFS('open', path);
+    }
+    if ((flags === 'wx' || flags === 'wx+' || flags === 'ax' || flags === 'ax+') && exists) {
+      throw createEEXIST('open', path);
+    }
+    if (!exists && (flags === 'r' || flags === 'r+')) {
+      throw createENOENT('open', path);
+    }
+    let initial = EMPTY_BUFFER;
+    if (exists && !isWriteTruncate(flags)) {
+      initial = fileEntry.contentSync();
+    }
+    return new ZipFileHandle(path, flags, mode, this.#source, name, initial);
+  }
+
+  async stat(path, options) {
+    const name = normalize(path);
+    if (name === '') return createDirectoryStats({ mode: 0o755 });
+    const entry = await this.#getEntry(name) ?? await this.#getEntry(`${name}/`);
+    if (entry !== null) {
+      return entry.isDirectory ?
+        createDirectoryStats({ mode: entry.mode || 0o755, mtimeMs: entry.modified.getTime() }) :
+        createFileStats(entry.size, { mode: entry.mode || 0o644, mtimeMs: entry.modified.getTime() });
+    }
+    if (this.#isDirectory(name)) return createDirectoryStats({ mode: 0o755 });
+    throw createENOENT('stat', path);
+  }
+  statSync(path, options) {
+    const name = normalize(path);
+    if (name === '') return createDirectoryStats({ mode: 0o755 });
+    const entry = this.#getEntrySync(name) ?? this.#getEntrySync(`${name}/`);
+    if (entry !== null) {
+      return entry.isDirectory ?
+        createDirectoryStats({ mode: entry.mode || 0o755, mtimeMs: entry.modified.getTime() }) :
+        createFileStats(entry.size, { mode: entry.mode || 0o644, mtimeMs: entry.modified.getTime() });
+    }
+    if (this.#isDirectory(name)) return createDirectoryStats({ mode: 0o755 });
+    throw createENOENT('stat', path);
+  }
+
+  #readdirEntries(path, name, options, stats) {
+    if (!stats.isDirectory()) throw createENOTDIR('scandir', path);
+    const prefix = name === '' ? '' : `${name}/`;
+    const withFileTypes = options?.withFileTypes === true;
+    const names = [];
+    const isDir = [];
+    for (const key of this.#source.keys()) {
+      if (!StringPrototypeStartsWith(key, prefix)) continue;
+      const rest = StringPrototypeSlice(key, prefix.length);
+      if (rest === '') continue; // The directory's own explicit entry
+      const slash = StringPrototypeIndexOf(rest, '/');
+      const childName = slash === -1 ? rest : StringPrototypeSlice(rest, 0, slash);
+      const childIsDir = slash !== -1;
+      const existingIndex = ArrayPrototypeIndexOf(names, childName);
+      if (existingIndex !== -1) {
+        if (childIsDir) isDir[existingIndex] = true;
+        continue;
+      }
+      ArrayPrototypePush(names, childName);
+      ArrayPrototypePush(isDir, childIsDir);
+    }
+    const result = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
+      if (withFileTypes) {
+        ArrayPrototypePush(result, new Dirent(names[i], isDir[i] ? UV_DIRENT_DIR : UV_DIRENT_FILE, name));
+      } else {
+        ArrayPrototypePush(result, names[i]);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+  async readdir(path, options) {
+    if (options?.recursive) {
+      throw new ERR_METHOD_NOT_IMPLEMENTED("readdir with { recursive: true } on an 'archive' provider");
+    }
+    const name = normalize(path);
+    return this.#readdirEntries(path, name, options, await this.stat(path));
+  }
+  readdirSync(path, options) {
+    if (options?.recursive) {
+      throw new ERR_METHOD_NOT_IMPLEMENTED("readdirSync with { recursive: true } on an 'archive' provider");
+    }
+    const name = normalize(path);
+    return this.#readdirEntries(path, name, options, this.statSync(path));
+  }
+
+  async mkdir(path, options) {
+    if (this.readonly) throw createEROFS('mkdir', path);
+    const name = normalize(path);
+    if (await this.exists(path)) {
+      if (options?.recursive) return undefined;
+      throw createEEXIST('mkdir', path);
+    }
+    await this.#source.add(`${name}/`, EMPTY_BUFFER, { mode: options?.mode });
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  mkdirSync(path, options) {
+    if (this.readonly) throw createEROFS('mkdir', path);
+    const name = normalize(path);
+    if (this.existsSync(path)) {
+      if (options?.recursive) return undefined;
+      throw createEEXIST('mkdir', path);
+    }
+    this.#source.addSync(`${name}/`, EMPTY_BUFFER, { mode: options?.mode });
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  async rmdir(path) {
+    if (this.readonly) throw createEROFS('rmdir', path);
+    const name = normalize(path);
+    const stats = await this.stat(path);
+    if (!stats.isDirectory()) throw createENOTDIR('rmdir', path);
+    const prefix = `${name}/`;
+    for (const key of this.#source.keys()) {
+      if (key !== prefix && StringPrototypeStartsWith(key, prefix)) {
+        throw createENOTEMPTY('rmdir', path);
+      }
+    }
+    if (!this.#source.has(prefix)) {
+      // An implicit-only directory can never be empty (something has to be
+      // under it for it to exist at all), so getting here means `path` is
+      // not a directory this provider can remove.
+      throw createENOENT('rmdir', path);
+    }
+    await this.#source.delete(prefix);
+  }
+  rmdirSync(path) {
+    if (this.readonly) throw createEROFS('rmdir', path);
+    const name = normalize(path);
+    const stats = this.statSync(path);
+    if (!stats.isDirectory()) throw createENOTDIR('rmdir', path);
+    const prefix = `${name}/`;
+    for (const key of this.#source.keys()) {
+      if (key !== prefix && StringPrototypeStartsWith(key, prefix)) {
+        throw createENOTEMPTY('rmdir', path);
+      }
+    }
+    if (!this.#source.has(prefix)) {
+      throw createENOENT('rmdir', path);
+    }
+    this.#deleteEntrySync(prefix);
+  }
+
+  async unlink(path) {
+    if (this.readonly) throw createEROFS('unlink', path);
+    const name = normalize(path);
+    if (!this.#source.has(name)) {
+      throw this.#isDirectory(name) ? createEISDIR('unlink', path) : createENOENT('unlink', path);
+    }
+    await this.#source.delete(name);
+  }
+  unlinkSync(path) {
+    if (this.readonly) throw createEROFS('unlink', path);
+    const name = normalize(path);
+    if (!this.#source.has(name)) {
+      throw this.#isDirectory(name) ? createEISDIR('unlink', path) : createENOENT('unlink', path);
+    }
+    this.#deleteEntrySync(name);
+  }
+
+  async rename(oldPath, newPath) {
+    if (this.readonly) throw createEROFS('rename', oldPath);
+    const oldName = normalize(oldPath);
+    const newName = normalize(newPath);
+    const entry = await this.#getEntry(oldName);
+    if (entry === null) throw createENOENT('rename', oldPath);
+    const content = await entry.content();
+    await this.#source.add(newName, content, {
+      mode: entry.mode || undefined,
+      modified: entry.modified,
+      method: methodOption(entry.method),
+    });
+    await this.#source.delete(oldName);
+  }
+  renameSync(oldPath, newPath) {
+    if (this.readonly) throw createEROFS('rename', oldPath);
+    const oldName = normalize(oldPath);
+    const newName = normalize(newPath);
+    const entry = this.#getEntrySync(oldName);
+    if (entry === null) throw createENOENT('rename', oldPath);
+    const content = entry.contentSync();
+    this.#source.addSync(newName, content, {
+      mode: entry.mode || undefined,
+      modified: entry.modified,
+      method: methodOption(entry.method),
+    });
+    this.#deleteEntrySync(oldName);
+  }
+}
+
+module.exports = {
+  ZipProvider,
+};
diff --git a/lib/vfs.js b/lib/vfs.js
index 0d12229aca72cd..d1e2a75fec5632 100644
--- a/lib/vfs.js
+++ b/lib/vfs.js
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ const { VirtualFileSystem } = require('internal/vfs/file_system');
 const { VirtualProvider } = require('internal/vfs/provider');
 const { MemoryProvider } = require('internal/vfs/providers/memory');
 const { RealFSProvider } = require('internal/vfs/providers/real');
+const { ZipProvider } = require('internal/vfs/providers/archive');
 
 /**
  * Creates a new VirtualFileSystem instance.
@@ -34,4 +35,5 @@ module.exports = {
   VirtualProvider,
   MemoryProvider,
   RealFSProvider,
+  ZipProvider,
 };
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-vfs-zip-provider-handle.js b/test/parallel/test-vfs-zip-provider-handle.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..7c13ea65d02641
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-vfs-zip-provider-handle.js
@@ -0,0 +1,443 @@
+// Flags: --experimental-vfs
+'use strict';
+
+// Additional ZipProvider coverage beyond test-vfs-zip-provider.js:
+// direct ZipFileHandle read/write/stat/truncate (both explicit and
+// current position, append-mode positioning, buffer growth), readFile/
+// writeFile encoding and data-type variants, compression-method-preserving
+// rename() (methodOption()), ZipFile-backed synchronous delete, an explicit
+// empty-directory open() EISDIR, the readdir child-directory dedup path, and
+// a few error branches (EROFS on open(), ENOTDIR on rmdir(), ENOENT on
+// rename()) not exercised by the base test.
+
+const common = require('../common');
+const tmpdir = require('../common/tmpdir');
+const assert = require('assert');
+const path = require('path');
+const fsPromises = require('fs/promises');
+const zlib = require('zlib');
+const vfs = require('node:vfs');
+
+tmpdir.refresh();
+
+async function buildArchive(entries, comment) {
+  const chunks = [];
+  for await (const chunk of zlib.createZipArchive(entries, comment)) chunks.push(chunk);
+  return Buffer.concat(chunks);
+}
+
+function buildArchiveSync(entries, comment) {
+  return Buffer.concat([...zlib.createZipArchiveSync(entries, comment)]);
+}
+
+// --- direct ZipFileHandle read/write/stat/truncate (async) -------------
+(async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('a.txt', Buffer.from('hello world')),
+  ]);
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+
+  const handle = await provider.open('/a.txt', 'r+');
+
+  // Explicit position leaves the handle's own position untouched.
+  const buf = Buffer.alloc(5);
+  const { bytesRead } = await handle.read(buf, 0, 5, 0);
+  assert.strictEqual(bytesRead, 5);
+  assert.strictEqual(buf.toString(), 'hello');
+  assert.strictEqual(handle.position, 0);
+
+  // Current position (undefined/null/-1) advances the handle's position.
+  const buf2 = Buffer.alloc(5);
+  await handle.read(buf2, 0, 5, null);
+  assert.strictEqual(buf2.toString(), 'hello');
+  assert.strictEqual(handle.position, 5);
+  const buf3 = Buffer.alloc(1);
+  await handle.read(buf3, 0, 1, -1);
+  assert.strictEqual(buf3.toString(), ' ');
+  assert.strictEqual(handle.position, 6);
+
+  // Reading past EOF yields 0 bytes without advancing further than available.
+  const tail = Buffer.alloc(100);
+  const { bytesRead: tailRead } = await handle.read(tail, 0, 100, 6);
+  assert.strictEqual(tailRead, 5); // 'world'.length
+
+  // write() at an explicit position (overwrite), then at the current
+  // position (append past the buffer's current size, forcing growth).
+  await handle.write(Buffer.from('HELLO'), 0, 5, 0);
+  const stat1 = await handle.stat();
+  assert.strictEqual(stat1.size, 11);
+
+  handle.position = 11;
+  await handle.write(Buffer.from('!!!'), 0, 3, null);
+  const stat2 = await handle.stat();
+  assert.strictEqual(stat2.size, 14);
+
+  await handle.truncate(5);
+  const stat3 = await handle.stat();
+  assert.strictEqual(stat3.size, 5);
+
+  await handle.truncate(8);
+  const stat4 = await handle.stat();
+  assert.strictEqual(stat4.size, 8);
+
+  await handle.close();
+
+  const archiveVfs = vfs.create(provider);
+  const final = await archiveVfs.promises.readFile('/a.txt');
+  assert.strictEqual(final.length, 8);
+  assert.strictEqual(final.subarray(0, 5).toString(), 'HELLO');
+})().then(common.mustCall());
+
+// --- direct ZipFileHandle read/write/stat/truncate (sync) --------------
+(() => {
+  const archive = buildArchiveSync([zlib.ZipEntry.createSync('b.txt', Buffer.from('0123456789'))]);
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+  const handle = provider.openSync('/b.txt', 'r+');
+
+  const buf = Buffer.alloc(4);
+  const { bytesRead } = handle.readSync(buf, 0, 4, 2);
+  assert.strictEqual(bytesRead, 4);
+  assert.strictEqual(buf.toString(), '2345');
+
+  handle.writeSync(Buffer.from('AB'), 0, 2, 0);
+  assert.strictEqual(handle.statSync().size, 10);
+
+  // A write growing well beyond current capacity exercises #ensureCapacity's
+  // doubling path.
+  handle.writeSync(Buffer.alloc(1000, 0x58 /* 'X' */), 0, 1000, 10);
+  assert.strictEqual(handle.statSync().size, 1010);
+
+  handle.truncateSync(3);
+  assert.strictEqual(handle.statSync().size, 3);
+  assert.strictEqual(handle.readFileSync('utf8'), 'AB2');
+
+  handle.closeSync();
+})();
+
+// --- append-mode positioning: writes always land at the current end -------
+(async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([await zlib.ZipEntry.create('c.txt', Buffer.from('xy'))]);
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+
+  const handle = await provider.open('/c.txt', 'a');
+  assert.strictEqual(handle.position, 2); // Positioned at EOF on open
+
+  // Even with an explicit (wrong) position, append mode writes at the end.
+  await handle.write(Buffer.from('z'), 0, 1, 0);
+  assert.strictEqual((await handle.stat()).size, 3);
+  await handle.close();
+
+  const archiveVfs = vfs.create(provider);
+  assert.strictEqual(await archiveVfs.promises.readFile('/c.txt', 'utf8'), 'xyz');
+})().then(common.mustCall());
+
+// --- readFile/readFileSync encoding variants + writeFile data types --------
+(async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([await zlib.ZipEntry.create('d.txt', Buffer.from('café'))]);
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+
+  const handle = await provider.open('/d.txt', 'r');
+  const asBuffer = await handle.readFile();
+  assert.ok(Buffer.isBuffer(asBuffer));
+  const asStringShorthand = await handle.readFile('utf8');
+  assert.strictEqual(asStringShorthand, 'café');
+  const asStringOption = await handle.readFile({ encoding: 'utf8' });
+  assert.strictEqual(asStringOption, 'café');
+  const asExplicitBuffer = await handle.readFile({ encoding: 'buffer' });
+  assert.ok(Buffer.isBuffer(asExplicitBuffer));
+  await handle.close();
+
+  const writeHandle = await provider.open('/e.txt', 'w');
+  await writeHandle.writeFile(Buffer.from('buffer-data'));
+  await writeHandle.close();
+  assert.strictEqual(await (await provider.open('/e.txt', 'r')).readFile('utf8'), 'buffer-data');
+
+  const writeHandle2 = await provider.open('/f.txt', 'w');
+  await writeHandle2.writeFile('string-data', { encoding: 'utf8' });
+  await writeHandle2.close();
+  assert.strictEqual(await (await provider.open('/f.txt', 'r')).readFile('utf8'), 'string-data');
+})().then(common.mustCall());
+
+(() => {
+  const archive = buildArchiveSync([zlib.ZipEntry.createSync('g.txt', Buffer.from('sync-café'))]);
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+
+  const handle = provider.openSync('/g.txt', 'r');
+  assert.ok(Buffer.isBuffer(handle.readFileSync()));
+  assert.strictEqual(handle.readFileSync('utf8'), 'sync-café');
+  assert.strictEqual(handle.readFileSync({ encoding: 'utf8' }), 'sync-café');
+  assert.ok(Buffer.isBuffer(handle.readFileSync({ encoding: 'buffer' })));
+  handle.closeSync();
+
+  const writeHandle = provider.openSync('/h.txt', 'w');
+  writeHandle.writeFileSync(Buffer.from('sync-buffer-data'));
+  writeHandle.closeSync();
+  assert.strictEqual(provider.openSync('/h.txt', 'r').readFileSync('utf8'), 'sync-buffer-data');
+})();
+
+// --- rename() preserves the original compression method (methodOption) ----
+(async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('store.bin', Buffer.from('a'.repeat(100)), { method: 'store' }),
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('deflate.bin', Buffer.from('b'.repeat(100)), { method: 'deflate' }),
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('zstd.bin', Buffer.from('c'.repeat(100)), { method: 'zstd' }),
+  ]);
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+  const archiveVfs = vfs.create(provider);
+
+  const methodsBefore = new Map([
+    ['store.bin', zip.get('store.bin').method],
+    ['deflate.bin', zip.get('deflate.bin').method],
+    ['zstd.bin', zip.get('zstd.bin').method],
+  ]);
+
+  await archiveVfs.promises.rename('/store.bin', '/store-renamed.bin');
+  await archiveVfs.promises.rename('/deflate.bin', '/deflate-renamed.bin');
+  await archiveVfs.promises.rename('/zstd.bin', '/zstd-renamed.bin');
+
+  assert.strictEqual(zip.get('store-renamed.bin').method, methodsBefore.get('store.bin'));
+  assert.strictEqual(zip.get('deflate-renamed.bin').method, methodsBefore.get('deflate.bin'));
+  assert.strictEqual(zip.get('zstd-renamed.bin').method, methodsBefore.get('zstd.bin'));
+
+  // Content must still round-trip correctly under the reproduced method.
+  assert.strictEqual((await zip.get('store-renamed.bin').content()).toString(), 'a'.repeat(100));
+  assert.strictEqual((await zip.get('deflate-renamed.bin').content()).toString(), 'b'.repeat(100));
+  assert.strictEqual((await zip.get('zstd-renamed.bin').content()).toString(), 'c'.repeat(100));
+})().then(common.mustCall());
+
+(() => {
+  const archive = buildArchiveSync([
+    zlib.ZipEntry.createSync('store.bin', Buffer.from('a'.repeat(100)), { method: 'store' }),
+    zlib.ZipEntry.createSync('zstd.bin', Buffer.from('c'.repeat(100)), { method: 'zstd' }),
+  ]);
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+  const archiveVfs = vfs.create(provider);
+
+  const storeMethod = zip.get('store.bin').method;
+  const zstdMethod = zip.get('zstd.bin').method;
+  archiveVfs.renameSync('/store.bin', '/store-renamed.bin');
+  archiveVfs.renameSync('/zstd.bin', '/zstd-renamed.bin');
+  assert.strictEqual(zip.get('store-renamed.bin').method, storeMethod);
+  assert.strictEqual(zip.get('zstd-renamed.bin').method, zstdMethod);
+})();
+
+// --- rename() with a missing source is rejected with ENOENT ---------------
+(async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([await zlib.ZipEntry.create('only.txt', Buffer.from('x'))]);
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+  const archiveVfs = vfs.create(provider);
+
+  await assert.rejects(
+    archiveVfs.promises.rename('/missing.txt', '/renamed.txt'),
+    { code: 'ENOENT' },
+  );
+  assert.throws(
+    () => archiveVfs.renameSync('/missing.txt', '/renamed.txt'),
+    { code: 'ENOENT' },
+  );
+})().then(common.mustCall());
+
+// --- rmdir() on a plain file is rejected with ENOTDIR ----------------------
+// (called on the provider directly: the vfs router validates directory-ness
+// itself before delegating for some operations, which would otherwise never
+// exercise ZipProvider's own check).
+(async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([await zlib.ZipEntry.create('file.txt', Buffer.from('x'))]);
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+
+  await assert.rejects(provider.rmdir('/file.txt'), { code: 'ENOTDIR' });
+  assert.throws(() => provider.rmdirSync('/file.txt'), { code: 'ENOTDIR' });
+})().then(common.mustCall());
+
+// --- open(): EEXIST/ENOENT/EISDIR-on-wrong-direction, called directly on
+// the provider so the router can't short-circuit before delegating ---------
+(async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([await zlib.ZipEntry.create('a.txt', Buffer.from('x'))]);
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+
+  await assert.rejects(provider.open('/a.txt', 'wx'), { code: 'EEXIST' });
+  assert.throws(() => provider.openSync('/a.txt', 'wx'), { code: 'EEXIST' });
+  await assert.rejects(provider.open('/missing.txt', 'r'), { code: 'ENOENT' });
+  assert.throws(() => provider.openSync('/missing.txt', 'r'), { code: 'ENOENT' });
+
+  // A handle opened write-only can't be read from, and vice versa.
+  const writeOnly = await provider.open('/w.txt', 'w');
+  await assert.rejects(writeOnly.read(Buffer.alloc(1), 0, 1, 0), { code: 'EISDIR' });
+  await writeOnly.close();
+  const readOnly = await provider.open('/a.txt', 'r');
+  await assert.rejects(readOnly.write(Buffer.alloc(1), 0, 1, 0), { code: 'EISDIR' });
+  await readOnly.close();
+})().then(common.mustCall());
+
+// --- normalize(): a path without a leading slash is used as-is ------------
+(async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([await zlib.ZipEntry.create('a.txt', Buffer.from('x'))]);
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+
+  const stats = await provider.stat('a.txt');
+  assert.strictEqual(stats.isFile(), true);
+})().then(common.mustCall());
+
+// --- mkdir(): both the with-options and no-options shapes, called
+// directly on the provider ---------------------------------------------
+(async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([]);
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+
+  await provider.mkdir('/no-opts');
+  assert.strictEqual((await provider.stat('/no-opts')).isDirectory(), true);
+  await provider.mkdir('/with-opts', { mode: 0o700 });
+  assert.strictEqual((await provider.stat('/with-opts')).isDirectory(), true);
+
+  provider.mkdirSync('/no-opts-sync');
+  assert.strictEqual(provider.statSync('/no-opts-sync').isDirectory(), true);
+  provider.mkdirSync('/with-opts-sync', { mode: 0o700 });
+  assert.strictEqual(provider.statSync('/with-opts-sync').isDirectory(), true);
+})().then(common.mustCall());
+
+// --- readdir() skips a directory's own explicit entry when listing it -----
+(async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('dir/', Buffer.alloc(0)),
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('dir/child.txt', Buffer.from('x')),
+  ]);
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+  const archiveVfs = vfs.create(provider);
+
+  const entries = await archiveVfs.promises.readdir('/dir');
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(entries, ['child.txt']);
+})().then(common.mustCall());
+
+// --- an entry not made by a Unix zip tool reports mode 0, so stat() and
+// rename() fall back to their documented defaults --------------------------
+(async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('foreign.txt', Buffer.from('x')),
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('foreign-dir/', Buffer.alloc(0)),
+  ]);
+  const tampered = Buffer.from(archive);
+  // The central header's "version made by" high byte selects the platform;
+  // anything other than 3 (Unix) makes `mode` report 0 (see zip.js's
+  // `CentralFileHeader.prototype.mode`).
+  // The central directory follows *all* entries' local sections, and each
+  // entry's central header follows the previous entries' central headers.
+  const localSectionsLength = (30 + 'foreign.txt'.length + 'x'.length) +
+    (30 + 'foreign-dir/'.length + 0);
+  const fileHeaderStart = localSectionsLength;
+  const dirHeaderStart = fileHeaderStart + (46 + 'foreign.txt'.length);
+  const fileMadeByOffset = fileHeaderStart + 5;
+  const dirMadeByOffset = dirHeaderStart + 5;
+  assert.strictEqual(tampered[fileMadeByOffset], 3); // sanity: was Unix-made
+  assert.strictEqual(tampered[dirMadeByOffset], 3);
+  tampered[fileMadeByOffset] = 0; // MS-DOS/FAT
+  tampered[dirMadeByOffset] = 0;
+
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(tampered);
+  assert.strictEqual(zip.get('foreign.txt').mode, 0);
+  assert.strictEqual(zip.get('foreign-dir/').mode, 0);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+  const archiveVfs = vfs.create(provider);
+
+  // stat()'s `entry.mode || <default>` fallback, for both a file and an
+  // (explicit) directory entry.
+  const fileStats = await archiveVfs.promises.stat('/foreign.txt');
+  assert.strictEqual(fileStats.mode & 0o777, 0o644);
+  const dirStats = await archiveVfs.promises.stat('/foreign-dir');
+  assert.strictEqual(dirStats.mode & 0o777, 0o755);
+  assert.strictEqual(archiveVfs.statSync('/foreign.txt').mode & 0o777, 0o644);
+  assert.strictEqual(archiveVfs.statSync('/foreign-dir').mode & 0o777, 0o755);
+
+  // rename()'s `mode: entry.mode || undefined` fallback (undefined lets
+  // ZipEntry.create() pick its own default mode instead of reproducing 0).
+  await archiveVfs.promises.rename('/foreign.txt', '/renamed.txt');
+  assert.strictEqual((await archiveVfs.promises.stat('/renamed.txt')).mode & 0o777, 0o644);
+})().then(common.mustCall());
+
+(() => {
+  const archive = buildArchiveSync([zlib.ZipEntry.createSync('foreign.txt', Buffer.from('x'))]);
+  const tampered = Buffer.from(archive);
+  const centralHeaderStart = 30 + 'foreign.txt'.length + 'x'.length;
+  const madeByOffset = centralHeaderStart + 5;
+  tampered[madeByOffset] = 0;
+
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(tampered);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+  const archiveVfs = vfs.create(provider);
+
+  archiveVfs.renameSync('/foreign.txt', '/renamed.txt');
+  assert.strictEqual(archiveVfs.statSync('/renamed.txt').mode & 0o777, 0o644);
+})();
+
+// --- opening an explicit (empty) directory entry is rejected with EISDIR --
+(async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([await zlib.ZipEntry.create('empty-dir/', Buffer.alloc(0))]);
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+
+  await assert.rejects(provider.open('/empty-dir', 'r'), { code: 'EISDIR' });
+  assert.throws(() => provider.openSync('/empty-dir', 'r'), { code: 'EISDIR' });
+})().then(common.mustCall());
+
+// --- readdir dedups a child directory reached through multiple entries ----
+(async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('dir/one.txt', Buffer.from('1')),
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('dir/two.txt', Buffer.from('2')),
+  ]);
+  const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+  const archiveVfs = vfs.create(provider);
+
+  // Both entries imply the same 'dir' child at the root; it must appear once.
+  const rootEntries = await archiveVfs.promises.readdir('/');
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(rootEntries, ['dir']);
+  const dirEntries = await archiveVfs.promises.readdir('/dir');
+  assert.deepStrictEqual(dirEntries.sort(), ['one.txt', 'two.txt']);
+})().then(common.mustCall());
+
+// --- open() with a write flag against a readonly (ZipFile) archive: EROFS --
+(async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([await zlib.ZipEntry.create('a.txt', Buffer.from('x'))]);
+  const filePath = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'vfs-archive-handle-readonly.zip');
+  await fsPromises.writeFile(filePath, archive);
+  const zip = await zlib.ZipFile.open(filePath);
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+
+  await assert.rejects(provider.open('/new.txt', 'w'), { code: 'EROFS' });
+  assert.throws(() => provider.openSync('/new.txt', 'w'), { code: 'EROFS' });
+
+  await zip.close();
+})().then(common.mustCall());
+
+// --- ZipFile-backed writable archive: sync unlink/rmdir (deleteSync) ------
+(async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([await zlib.ZipEntry.create('a.txt', Buffer.from('x'))]);
+  const filePath = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'vfs-archive-handle-writable-sync.zip');
+  await fsPromises.writeFile(filePath, archive);
+  const zip = await zlib.ZipFile.open(filePath, { writable: true });
+  const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+  const archiveVfs = vfs.create(provider);
+
+  archiveVfs.mkdirSync('/somedir');
+  assert.strictEqual(archiveVfs.statSync('/somedir').isDirectory(), true);
+  archiveVfs.rmdirSync('/somedir');
+  assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.statSync('/somedir'), { code: 'ENOENT' });
+
+  archiveVfs.unlinkSync('/a.txt');
+  assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.statSync('/a.txt'), { code: 'ENOENT' });
+
+  await zip.close();
+})().then(common.mustCall());
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-vfs-zip-provider.js b/test/parallel/test-vfs-zip-provider.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..ad137457f7a382
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-vfs-zip-provider.js
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+// Flags: --experimental-vfs
+'use strict';
+
+// Exercises ZipProvider (node:vfs backed by node:zlib's ZipBuffer/
+// ZipFile): construction validation, readonly reflecting the archive's own
+// writability, stat/readdir over explicit and implicit directories, and the
+// full async and synchronous CRUD surface, against both a ZipBuffer and a
+// ZipFile (opened both via open() and openSync()) source.
+
+const common = require('../common');
+const tmpdir = require('../common/tmpdir');
+const assert = require('assert');
+const path = require('path');
+const fsPromises = require('fs/promises');
+const zlib = require('zlib');
+const vfs = require('node:vfs');
+
+tmpdir.refresh();
+
+async function buildArchive(entries, comment) {
+  const chunks = [];
+  for await (const chunk of zlib.createZipArchive(entries, comment)) chunks.push(chunk);
+  return Buffer.concat(chunks);
+}
+
+(async () => {
+  // Construction validation.
+  assert.throws(() => new vfs.ZipProvider({}), { code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE' });
+  assert.throws(() => new vfs.ZipProvider(null), { code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE' });
+
+  // --- ZipBuffer-backed: always writable ------------------------------------
+  {
+    const archive = await buildArchive([
+      await zlib.ZipEntry.create('a.txt', Buffer.from('hello')),
+      await zlib.ZipEntry.create('dir/b.txt', Buffer.from('nested')),
+      await zlib.ZipEntry.create('empty-dir/', Buffer.alloc(0)),
+    ]);
+    const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+    const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+    assert.strictEqual(provider.readonly, false);
+    assert.strictEqual(provider.supportsSymlinks, false);
+    assert.strictEqual(provider.supportsWatch, false);
+
+    const archiveVfs = vfs.create(provider);
+
+    // stat: file, implicit directory, explicit directory, root.
+    const fileStat = await archiveVfs.promises.stat('/a.txt');
+    assert.strictEqual(fileStat.isFile(), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(fileStat.size, 5);
+
+    const implicitDirStat = await archiveVfs.promises.stat('/dir');
+    assert.strictEqual(implicitDirStat.isDirectory(), true);
+
+    const explicitDirStat = await archiveVfs.promises.stat('/empty-dir');
+    assert.strictEqual(explicitDirStat.isDirectory(), true);
+
+    const rootStat = await archiveVfs.promises.stat('/');
+    assert.strictEqual(rootStat.isDirectory(), true);
+
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.stat('/missing.txt'), { code: 'ENOENT' });
+
+    // readdir: root lists both files and directories, deduped.
+    const rootEntries = await archiveVfs.promises.readdir('/');
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(rootEntries.sort(), ['a.txt', 'dir', 'empty-dir']);
+
+    const dirEntries = await archiveVfs.promises.readdir('/dir');
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(dirEntries, ['b.txt']);
+
+    const withTypes = await archiveVfs.promises.readdir('/', { withFileTypes: true });
+    const byName = new Map(withTypes.map((d) => [d.name, d]));
+    assert.strictEqual(byName.get('a.txt').isFile(), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(byName.get('dir').isDirectory(), true);
+
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.readdir('/a.txt'), { code: 'ENOTDIR' });
+    await assert.rejects(
+      archiveVfs.promises.readdir('/', { recursive: true }),
+      { code: 'ERR_METHOD_NOT_IMPLEMENTED' },
+    );
+
+    // readFile / writeFile round trip (new file).
+    assert.strictEqual(await archiveVfs.promises.readFile('/a.txt', 'utf8'), 'hello');
+    await archiveVfs.promises.writeFile('/new.txt', 'brand new');
+    assert.strictEqual(await archiveVfs.promises.readFile('/new.txt', 'utf8'), 'brand new');
+    assert.strictEqual(zip.has('new.txt'), true);
+
+    // Overwriting an existing file.
+    await archiveVfs.promises.writeFile('/a.txt', 'overwritten');
+    assert.strictEqual(await archiveVfs.promises.readFile('/a.txt', 'utf8'), 'overwritten');
+
+    // appendFile.
+    await archiveVfs.promises.writeFile('/append.txt', 'ab');
+    await archiveVfs.promises.appendFile('/append.txt', 'cd');
+    assert.strictEqual(await archiveVfs.promises.readFile('/append.txt', 'utf8'), 'abcd');
+
+    // mkdir + rmdir.
+    await archiveVfs.promises.mkdir('/newdir');
+    assert.strictEqual((await archiveVfs.promises.stat('/newdir')).isDirectory(), true);
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.mkdir('/newdir'), { code: 'EEXIST' });
+    await archiveVfs.promises.mkdir('/newdir', { recursive: true }); // No throw, already exists
+    await archiveVfs.promises.rmdir('/newdir');
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.stat('/newdir'), { code: 'ENOENT' });
+
+    // Rmdir refuses a non-empty directory.
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.rmdir('/dir'), { code: 'ENOTEMPTY' });
+
+    // unlink.
+    await archiveVfs.promises.unlink('/append.txt');
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.stat('/append.txt'), { code: 'ENOENT' });
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.unlink('/missing.txt'), { code: 'ENOENT' });
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.unlink('/dir'), { code: 'EISDIR' });
+
+    // rename.
+    await archiveVfs.promises.writeFile('/rename-me.txt', 'content');
+    await archiveVfs.promises.rename('/rename-me.txt', '/renamed.txt');
+    assert.strictEqual(zip.has('rename-me.txt'), false);
+    assert.strictEqual(await archiveVfs.promises.readFile('/renamed.txt', 'utf8'), 'content');
+
+    // open() flag semantics.
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.open('/does-not-exist.txt', 'r'), { code: 'ENOENT' });
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.open('/a.txt', 'wx'), { code: 'EEXIST' });
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.open('/dir', 'r'), { code: 'EISDIR' });
+  }
+
+  // --- ZipFile-backed, read-only: writes rejected with EROFS ----------------
+  {
+    const archive = await buildArchive([await zlib.ZipEntry.create('a.txt', Buffer.from('x'))]);
+    const filePath = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'vfs-archive-readonly.zip');
+    await fsPromises.writeFile(filePath, archive);
+    const zip = await zlib.ZipFile.open(filePath);
+    const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+    assert.strictEqual(provider.readonly, true);
+    const archiveVfs = vfs.create(provider);
+
+    assert.strictEqual(await archiveVfs.promises.readFile('/a.txt', 'utf8'), 'x');
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.writeFile('/new.txt', 'y'), { code: 'EROFS' });
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.unlink('/a.txt'), { code: 'EROFS' });
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.mkdir('/newdir'), { code: 'EROFS' });
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.rmdir('/newdir'), { code: 'EROFS' });
+    await assert.rejects(archiveVfs.promises.rename('/a.txt', '/b.txt'), { code: 'EROFS' });
+
+    // The synchronous surface rejects the same way.
+    assert.strictEqual(archiveVfs.readFileSync('/a.txt', 'utf8'), 'x');
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.writeFileSync('/new.txt', 'y'), { code: 'EROFS' });
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.unlinkSync('/a.txt'), { code: 'EROFS' });
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.mkdirSync('/newdir'), { code: 'EROFS' });
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.rmdirSync('/newdir'), { code: 'EROFS' });
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.renameSync('/a.txt', '/b.txt'), { code: 'EROFS' });
+
+    await zip.close();
+  }
+
+  // --- ZipFile-backed, opened writable: mutations persist to disk ----------
+  {
+    const archive = await buildArchive([await zlib.ZipEntry.create('a.txt', Buffer.from('x'))]);
+    const filePath = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'vfs-archive-writable.zip');
+    await fsPromises.writeFile(filePath, archive);
+    const zip = await zlib.ZipFile.open(filePath, { writable: true });
+    const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+    assert.strictEqual(provider.readonly, false);
+    const archiveVfs = vfs.create(provider);
+
+    await archiveVfs.promises.writeFile('/b.txt', 'new content');
+    await zip.close();
+
+    const reopened = await zlib.ZipFile.open(filePath);
+    assert.strictEqual((await (await reopened.get('b.txt')).content()).toString(), 'new content');
+    await reopened.close();
+  }
+
+  // --- ZipBuffer-backed, fully synchronous CRUD ------------------------------
+  {
+    const archive = await buildArchive([
+      await zlib.ZipEntry.create('a.txt', Buffer.from('hello')),
+      await zlib.ZipEntry.create('dir/b.txt', Buffer.from('nested')),
+    ]);
+    const zip = new zlib.ZipBuffer(archive);
+    const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+    const archiveVfs = vfs.create(provider);
+
+    // stat/readdir.
+    assert.strictEqual(archiveVfs.statSync('/a.txt').isFile(), true);
+    assert.strictEqual(archiveVfs.statSync('/dir').isDirectory(), true);
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.statSync('/missing.txt'), { code: 'ENOENT' });
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(archiveVfs.readdirSync('/').sort(), ['a.txt', 'dir']);
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.readdirSync('/a.txt'), { code: 'ENOTDIR' });
+    assert.throws(
+      () => archiveVfs.readdirSync('/', { recursive: true }),
+      { code: 'ERR_METHOD_NOT_IMPLEMENTED' },
+    );
+
+    // readFile/writeFile/appendFile round trip.
+    assert.strictEqual(archiveVfs.readFileSync('/a.txt', 'utf8'), 'hello');
+    archiveVfs.writeFileSync('/new.txt', 'brand new');
+    assert.strictEqual(archiveVfs.readFileSync('/new.txt', 'utf8'), 'brand new');
+    archiveVfs.appendFileSync('/new.txt', '!');
+    assert.strictEqual(archiveVfs.readFileSync('/new.txt', 'utf8'), 'brand new!');
+
+    // mkdir/rmdir.
+    archiveVfs.mkdirSync('/newdir');
+    assert.strictEqual(archiveVfs.statSync('/newdir').isDirectory(), true);
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.mkdirSync('/newdir'), { code: 'EEXIST' });
+    archiveVfs.mkdirSync('/newdir', { recursive: true }); // No throw, already exists.
+    archiveVfs.rmdirSync('/newdir');
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.statSync('/newdir'), { code: 'ENOENT' });
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.rmdirSync('/dir'), { code: 'ENOTEMPTY' });
+
+    // unlink.
+    archiveVfs.unlinkSync('/new.txt');
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.statSync('/new.txt'), { code: 'ENOENT' });
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.unlinkSync('/missing.txt'), { code: 'ENOENT' });
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.unlinkSync('/dir'), { code: 'EISDIR' });
+
+    // rename.
+    archiveVfs.writeFileSync('/rename-me.txt', 'content');
+    archiveVfs.renameSync('/rename-me.txt', '/renamed.txt');
+    assert.strictEqual(zip.has('rename-me.txt'), false);
+    assert.strictEqual(archiveVfs.readFileSync('/renamed.txt', 'utf8'), 'content');
+
+    // open() flag semantics.
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.openSync('/does-not-exist.txt', 'r'), { code: 'ENOENT' });
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.openSync('/a.txt', 'wx'), { code: 'EEXIST' });
+    assert.throws(() => archiveVfs.openSync('/dir', 'r'), { code: 'EISDIR' });
+  }
+
+  // --- ZipFile-backed via openSync: sync-only round trip on disk -----------
+  {
+    const archive = await buildArchive([await zlib.ZipEntry.create('a.txt', Buffer.from('x'))]);
+    const filePath = path.join(tmpdir.path, 'vfs-archive-opensync.zip');
+    await fsPromises.writeFile(filePath, archive);
+    const zip = zlib.ZipFile.openSync(filePath, { writable: true });
+    const provider = new vfs.ZipProvider(zip);
+    assert.strictEqual(provider.readonly, false);
+    const archiveVfs = vfs.create(provider);
+
+    assert.strictEqual(archiveVfs.readFileSync('/a.txt', 'utf8'), 'x');
+    archiveVfs.writeFileSync('/b.txt', 'new content');
+    zip.closeSync();
+
+    const reopened = zlib.ZipFile.openSync(filePath);
+    assert.strictEqual(reopened.getSync('b.txt').contentSync().toString(), 'new content');
+    reopened.closeSync();
+  }
+})().then(common.mustCall());
diff --git a/test/parallel/test-zlib-zip-vfs.js b/test/parallel/test-zlib-zip-vfs.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000000..cfb0f10b65c5c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/parallel/test-zlib-zip-vfs.js
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+// Flags: --experimental-vfs
+'use strict';
+
+// Exercises the node:zlib ZipFile read/write surface over a node:vfs virtual
+// file descriptor. An in-memory archive is placed in a mounted MemoryProvider
+// VFS and opened with ZipFile through its mounted path, so every fd operation
+// ZipFile performs - positional read/write, fstat, ftruncate, open/close, in
+// both the asynchronous and the synchronous flavour - is served by the VFS
+// rather than a real OS fd. This validates that ZipFile's fd abstraction is
+// complete enough to run unchanged on a purely virtual descriptor.
+
+require('../common');
+
+const assert = require('node:assert');
+const zlib = require('node:zlib');
+const fs = require('node:fs');
+const path = require('node:path');
+const { test } = require('node:test');
+const vfs = require('node:vfs');
+
+let mountCounter = 0;
+
+async function buildArchive(entries, comment) {
+  const chunks = [];
+  for await (const chunk of zlib.createZipArchive(entries, comment)) chunks.push(chunk);
+  return Buffer.concat(chunks);
+}
+
+// Places `archive` in a freshly mounted in-memory VFS and returns the mounted
+// path of the archive file plus a cleanup that unmounts the VFS.
+function mountArchive(archive) {
+  const mountPoint = path.resolve(`/vfs-zip-${process.pid}-${mountCounter++}`);
+  const memfs = vfs.create();
+  memfs.writeFileSync('/archive.zip', archive); // provider-relative, before mount
+  memfs.mount(mountPoint);
+  return { vpath: path.join(mountPoint, 'archive.zip'), cleanup: () => memfs.unmount() };
+}
+
+test('ZipFile.open() reads a VFS-backed archive through an async virtual fd', async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('a.txt', Buffer.from('hello vfs')),
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('dir/b.bin', Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4]), { method: 'store' }),
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('z.txt', Buffer.from('Z'.repeat(4096)), { method: 'zstd' }),
+  ]);
+  const { vpath, cleanup } = mountArchive(archive);
+  try {
+    const zf = await zlib.ZipFile.open(vpath);
+    try {
+      assert.strictEqual(zf.size, 3);
+      assert.deepStrictEqual([...zf.keys()].sort(), ['a.txt', 'dir/b.bin', 'z.txt']);
+
+      // A lazy, file-backed entry: it retains no content and reads straight
+      // from the virtual fd on demand.
+      const a = await zf.get('a.txt');
+      assert.strictEqual(a.rawContent, null);
+      assert.strictEqual((await a.content()).toString(), 'hello vfs');
+      assert.strictEqual(await zf.get('a.txt'), a); // Cached handle identity
+
+      // The contentIterator() streams (decompressing on the way) from the fd.
+      const chunks = [];
+      for await (const c of (await zf.get('z.txt')).contentIterator()) chunks.push(c);
+      assert.strictEqual(Buffer.concat(chunks).toString(), 'Z'.repeat(4096));
+
+      // stream() resolves to a Readable over the virtual fd.
+      const rs = await zf.stream('dir/b.bin');
+      const out = [];
+      for await (const c of rs) out.push(c);
+      assert.deepStrictEqual(Buffer.concat(out), Buffer.from([1, 2, 3, 4]));
+    } finally {
+      await zf.close();
+    }
+  } finally {
+    cleanup();
+  }
+});
+
+test('ZipFile.openSync() reads a VFS-backed archive through a synchronous virtual fd', async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('a.txt', Buffer.from('sync hello')),
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('b.bin', Buffer.from([9, 8, 7]), { method: 'store' }),
+  ]);
+  const { vpath, cleanup } = mountArchive(archive);
+  try {
+    const zf = zlib.ZipFile.openSync(vpath);
+    try {
+      assert.strictEqual(zf.getSync('a.txt').contentSync().toString(), 'sync hello');
+      assert.deepStrictEqual([...zf.getSync('b.bin').contentSync()], [9, 8, 7]);
+      assert.deepStrictEqual([...zf.valuesSync()].map((e) => e.name).sort(), ['a.txt', 'b.bin']);
+    } finally {
+      zf.closeSync();
+    }
+  } finally {
+    cleanup();
+  }
+});
+
+test('ZipFile writable mutations run against an async virtual fd', async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('keep.txt', Buffer.from('keep')),
+    await zlib.ZipEntry.create('drop.txt', Buffer.from('drop')),
+  ]);
+  const { vpath, cleanup } = mountArchive(archive);
+  try {
+    const sizeBefore = fs.statSync(vpath).size;
+    const zw = await zlib.ZipFile.open(vpath, { writable: true });
+    try {
+      await zw.add('added.txt', Buffer.from('a new member over vfs'));
+      assert.strictEqual(await zw.delete('drop.txt'), true);
+    } finally {
+      await zw.close();
+    }
+    // Positional writes + ftruncate actually altered the virtual file.
+    assert.notStrictEqual(fs.statSync(vpath).size, sizeBefore);
+
+    const zr = await zlib.ZipFile.open(vpath);
+    try {
+      assert.deepStrictEqual([...zr.keys()].sort(), ['added.txt', 'keep.txt']);
+      assert.strictEqual((await (await zr.get('added.txt')).content()).toString(), 'a new member over vfs');
+      assert.strictEqual(zr.has('drop.txt'), false);
+    } finally {
+      await zr.close();
+    }
+  } finally {
+    cleanup();
+  }
+});
+
+test('ZipFile sync mutations (addEntrySync) run against a synchronous virtual fd', async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([await zlib.ZipEntry.create('a.txt', Buffer.from('a'))]);
+  const { vpath, cleanup } = mountArchive(archive);
+  try {
+    const zw = zlib.ZipFile.openSync(vpath, { writable: true });
+    try {
+      zw.addSync('b.txt', Buffer.from('b sync'));
+      assert.deepStrictEqual([...zw.keys()].sort(), ['a.txt', 'b.txt']);
+    } finally {
+      zw.closeSync();
+    }
+    const zr = zlib.ZipFile.openSync(vpath);
+    try {
+      assert.strictEqual(zr.getSync('b.txt').contentSync().toString(), 'b sync');
+    } finally {
+      zr.closeSync();
+    }
+  } finally {
+    cleanup();
+  }
+});
+
+test('addEntry() promotes a streaming entry to file-backed on a virtual fd', async () => {
+  const archive = await buildArchive([await zlib.ZipEntry.create('seed.txt', Buffer.from('seed'))]);
+  const { vpath, cleanup } = mountArchive(archive);
+  try {
+    const payload = 'streamed over vfs'.repeat(32);
+    const zw = await zlib.ZipFile.open(vpath, { writable: true });
+    try {
+      async function* source() {
+        yield Buffer.from(payload.slice(0, 5));
+        yield Buffer.from(payload.slice(5));
+      }
+      const streamEntry = zlib.ZipEntry.createStream('s.txt', source());
+      const returned = await zw.addEntry(streamEntry);
+      assert.strictEqual(returned, streamEntry);
+
+      // Promoted in place against the virtual fd: now readable and re-streamable.
+      assert.strictEqual((await streamEntry.content()).toString(), payload);
+      const it = [];
+      for await (const c of streamEntry.contentIterator()) it.push(c);
+      assert.strictEqual(Buffer.concat(it).toString(), payload);
+    } finally {
+      await zw.close();
+    }
+
+    const zr = await zlib.ZipFile.open(vpath);
+    try {
+      assert.strictEqual((await (await zr.get('s.txt')).content()).toString(), payload);
+    } finally {
+      await zr.close();
+    }
+  } finally {
+    cleanup();
+  }
+});