diff --git a/apps/api-axum/src/storage.rs b/apps/api-axum/src/storage.rs
index 7e5cb38..c099f2f 100644
--- a/apps/api-axum/src/storage.rs
+++ b/apps/api-axum/src/storage.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,12 @@ impl StorageClient {
             loader = loader.endpoint_url(endpoint);
         }
         let conf = loader.load().await;
-        let s3 = Client::new(&conf);
+        // LocalStack/S3 dev servers only resolve the bucket via path; R2 uses virtual-host style.
+        let force_path_style = std::env::var("R2_FORCE_PATH_STYLE").as_deref() == Ok("true");
+        let s3_conf = aws_sdk_s3::config::Builder::from(&conf)
+            .force_path_style(force_path_style)
+            .build();
+        let s3 = Client::from_conf(s3_conf);
         Self {
             s3,
             bucket: bucket.into(),
diff --git a/apps/api-effect/.env.example b/apps/api-effect/.env.example
index 969e435..6b86601 100644
--- a/apps/api-effect/.env.example
+++ b/apps/api-effect/.env.example
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=your_secret_key
 R2_BUCKET_NAME=webdevstudios-storage
 R2_PUBLIC_URL=https://pub-xxxxx.r2.dev
 R2_ENDPOINT=https://xxxxx.r2.cloudflarestorage.com
+# LocalStack dev: R2_ENDPOINT=http://127.0.0.1:4566, R2_FORCE_PATH_STYLE=true, any dummy keys
+R2_FORCE_PATH_STYLE=false
 
 # Redis
 REDIS_HOST="localhost"
diff --git a/apps/api-effect/src/lib/storage.ts b/apps/api-effect/src/lib/storage.ts
index 2e64c5e..e1b446f 100644
--- a/apps/api-effect/src/lib/storage.ts
+++ b/apps/api-effect/src/lib/storage.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ function getClient(): ClientOptions | null {
         client: new S3Client({
           region: 'auto',
           endpoint: process.env.R2_ENDPOINT,
+          // LocalStack/S3 dev servers only resolve the bucket via path; R2 uses virtual-host style.
+          forcePathStyle: process.env.R2_FORCE_PATH_STYLE === 'true',
           credentials: {
             accessKeyId: key,
             secretAccessKey: process.env.R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY ?? '',
diff --git a/apps/api-elysia/.env.example b/apps/api-elysia/.env.example
index 5a84dbd..6e80898 100644
--- a/apps/api-elysia/.env.example
+++ b/apps/api-elysia/.env.example
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=your_secret_key
 R2_BUCKET_NAME=webdevstudios-storage
 R2_PUBLIC_URL=https://pub-xxxxx.r2.dev
 R2_ENDPOINT=https://xxxxx.r2.cloudflarestorage.com
+# LocalStack dev: R2_ENDPOINT=http://127.0.0.1:4566, R2_FORCE_PATH_STYLE=true, any dummy keys
+R2_FORCE_PATH_STYLE=false
 
 # Redis
 REDIS_HOST="localhost"
diff --git a/apps/api-elysia/src/lib/storage.ts b/apps/api-elysia/src/lib/storage.ts
index 2e64c5e..e1b446f 100644
--- a/apps/api-elysia/src/lib/storage.ts
+++ b/apps/api-elysia/src/lib/storage.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ function getClient(): ClientOptions | null {
         client: new S3Client({
           region: 'auto',
           endpoint: process.env.R2_ENDPOINT,
+          // LocalStack/S3 dev servers only resolve the bucket via path; R2 uses virtual-host style.
+          forcePathStyle: process.env.R2_FORCE_PATH_STYLE === 'true',
           credentials: {
             accessKeyId: key,
             secretAccessKey: process.env.R2_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY ?? '',
diff --git a/apps/api-go/internal/storage/storage.go b/apps/api-go/internal/storage/storage.go
index 5844613..4c3dbcd 100644
--- a/apps/api-go/internal/storage/storage.go
+++ b/apps/api-go/internal/storage/storage.go
@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ func New() *Service {
 	endpoint := os.Getenv("R2_ENDPOINT")
 	client := s3.NewFromConfig(cfg, func(o *s3.Options) {
 		o.BaseEndpoint = &endpoint
-		o.UsePathStyle = false
+		// LocalStack/S3 dev servers only resolve the bucket via path; R2 uses virtual-host style.
+		o.UsePathStyle = os.Getenv("R2_FORCE_PATH_STYLE") == "true"
 	})
 	return &Service{client: client, bucket: os.Getenv("R2_BUCKET_NAME"), publicURL: strings.TrimSuffix(os.Getenv("R2_PUBLIC_URL"), "/")}
 }