feat: add ArrowResolveChunk16

[rustyconover]

Adds the int16 counterpart to ArrowResolveChunk32 and ArrowResolveChunk64.

This follows up on the run-end encoded array review in #930, where int16 run ends currently require a linear scan. The helper uses the same binary-search semantics as the existing resolvers and includes boundary-parity tests.

Validation:

• 270/270 C/C++ tests passed
• clang-format and git diff checks passed

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 79.31%. Comparing base (02824cc) to head (cf94433).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #934      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   79.30%   79.31%   +0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         106      106              
  Lines       16223    16233      +10     
  Branches     1882     1884       +2     
==========================================
+ Hits        12865    12875      +10     
  Misses       2177     2177              
  Partials     1181     1181              

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[paleolimbot]

Thank you!