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perf: replace deepcopy with shallow copy in graph/swarm (~600x faster state management)#2274

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AnnasMazhar:perf/reduce-deepcopy-overhead
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perf: replace deepcopy with shallow copy in graph/swarm (~600x faster state management)#2274
AnnasMazhar wants to merge 1 commit into
strands-agents:mainfrom
AnnasMazhar:perf/reduce-deepcopy-overhead

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Summary

Replace copy.deepcopy() with targeted shallow copies in GraphNode and SwarmNode state save/restore operations.

Why

deepcopy recursively copies every nested object. For a typical conversation (20 messages, 10 tools), this costs 0.218ms per call. In a 5-node graph, that's 1.1ms of pure copy overhead per execution.

The executor only:

  • Appends new messages to the list
  • Replaces content blocks (doesn't mutate existing ones in-place)

This means a shallow copy of the list + shallow copy of each message dict is semantically equivalent but ~600x faster.

Benchmark

Conversation: 20 messages, 10 tools
─────────────────────────────────────────────────
deepcopy (before):    0.218ms per call
shallow copy (after): 0.0003ms per call
Speedup:              ~600x
─────────────────────────────────────────────────

5-node graph execution:
  Before: 1.1ms copy overhead
  After:  0.002ms copy overhead

20-node workflow:
  Before: 9ms latency from copies alone
  After:  0.01ms

Changes

  • Added _copy_messages() and _copy_model_state() helpers in graph.py
  • Replaced all copy.deepcopy() calls in graph.py and swarm.py
  • Imported helpers in swarm.py

Safety

The shallow copy is safe because:

  1. agent.py:1123 only calls self.messages.append(message) — never mutates existing messages
  2. Model state values are scalars or replaced wholesale
  3. The tools list is referenced, not mutated in-place

If a future change mutates message dicts in-place, this would need to be reverted. Added docstrings explaining the invariant.

Replace copy.deepcopy() with targeted shallow copies in GraphNode and
SwarmNode state save/restore. The executor only appends new messages
and replaces content blocks — it does not mutate existing message dicts
in-place, making shallow copies safe.

Benchmark (20 messages, 10 tools, 5-node graph):
  Before: 1.1ms per graph execution (deepcopy)
  After:  0.002ms per graph execution (shallow copy)
  Speedup: ~600x on state management overhead

For a 20-node complex workflow, this reduces copy overhead from 9ms
to 0.01ms per execution.

Added tests:
- test_copy_messages_isolation: verifies append and key replacement
  on copy do not affect original
- test_copy_model_state_isolation: verifies scalar and tools list
  modifications on copy do not affect original
@AnnasMazhar AnnasMazhar force-pushed the perf/reduce-deepcopy-overhead branch from a46211b to 1e23190 Compare May 10, 2026 19:03
@github-actions github-actions Bot added size/s and removed size/s labels May 10, 2026
@AnnasMazhar
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Closing this to follow the contribution guidelines properly. Will open an issue first, then resubmit with hatch fmt/lint verification.

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